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1. līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci λοιβὴν et λείβειν, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root λιφ-, λίπτω, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

  1. I. In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.
          1. (α) Absol.: dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis, Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33: an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc., id. ib. 5, 2, 36: ad scribendi licentiam liber, id. N. D. 1, 44, 123: agri immunes ac liberi, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166: integro animo ac libero causam defendere, unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86: liberi ad causas solutique veniebant, not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.: libera lingua, Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9: cor liberum, id. Ep. 1, 2, 43: vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem, Liv. 35, 32, 6: libera verba animi proferre, Juv. 4, 90: judicium audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150: aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio, id. Brut. 67, 236: libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio, id. Fin. 1, 10, 33: tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera, id. Cat. 1, 7, 18: pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens, id. de Or. 2, 16, 67: liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente, Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5: mandata, full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8: fenus, unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1; v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia, the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211: locus, free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6: lectulus, i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga (poet. for virilis toga), a man’s (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771: vestis, id. ib. 3, 777: libera omnia sibi servare, to reserve to one’s self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.
            Comp.: hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc., Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8: est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior, id. de Or. 1, 16, 70: liberiores litterae, id. Att. 1, 13, 1: amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior, freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.: paulo liberior sententia, Quint. 4, 2, 121: liberior in utramque partem disputatio, id. 7, 2, 14: fusiores liberioresque numeri, id. 9, 4, 130: officia liberiora plenioraque, id. 6, 1, 9: (flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae, freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.: (Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat, freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292: liberiore frui caelo, freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.
            Sup.: liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc., the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.: liberrime Lolli, most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1: indignatio, id. Epod. 4, 10.
          2. (β) Free or exempt from, void of; with ab: Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.: (consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis, id. Agr. 1, 9, 27: ab observando homine perverso liber, id. Att. 1, 13, 2: liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius, id. Ac. 2, 39, 123: ab omni animi perturbatione liber, id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55: loca abdita et ab arbitris libera, id. Att. 15, 16, B: libera a ferro crura, Ov. P. 1, 6, 32: animus liber a partibus rei publicae, Sall. C. 4.
          3. (γ) With abl.: animus omni liber curā et angore, free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15: animus religione, Liv. 2, 36: animus cogitationibus aliis, Quint. 11, 2, 35: mens omnibus vitiis, id. 12, 1, 4; cf.: liberis odio et gratia mentibus, id. 5, 11, 37: omni liber metu, Liv. 7, 34: liber invidia, Quint. 12, 11, 7: equus carcere, Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.
          4. (δ) With gen. (poet.): liber laborum, Hor. A. P. 212: fati gens Lydia, Verg. A. 10, 154: curarum, Luc. 4, 384.
            Comp.: liberior campi, having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.
            (ε) Liberum est, with subject-clause: quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est, it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8: dies eligere certos liberum erat, Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.
            So in abl. absol.: libero, quid firmaret mutaretve, Tac. A. 3, 60.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus; also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28: dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify, id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born: quid ea? ingenuan’ an festucā facta e servā liberast? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14: in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est, Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96: si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber, id. Top. 2, 10: quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est, of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43: liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini, Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.
    2. B. Free, in a political point of view; said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people, Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.: ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit, id. ib. 1, 44, 68: liber populus, id. ib. 3, 34, 46: (Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis, democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34: civitates liberae atque immunes, free from service, Liv. 37, 55: provinciae civitatesque liberae, Suet. Vesp. 8: libera ac foederata oppida, id. Calig. 3: Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit, Juv. 8, 244.
    3. C. In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious: quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter), Plaut. Am. prol. 105: adulescens imprudens et liber, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.: sit adulescentia liberior, somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42: amores soluti et liberi, id. Rep. 4, 4, 4: consuetudo peccandi, id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.
      Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly: qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere, Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34: animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere, id. Div. 2, 48, 100: respirare, id. Quint. 11, 39: constanter et libere (me gessi), id. Att. 4, 16, 9: consilium dare, id. Lael. 13, 44: aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse, id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176: omnia libere fingimus et impune, Quint. 6, 1, 43: ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare, Cic. Or. 23, 77.
      Comp.: liberius vivendi fuit potestas, Ter. And. 1, 1, 23: loqui, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: fortius liberiusque defendere, Quint. 12, 1, 21: liberius si Dixero quid, Hor. S. 1, 4, 103: maledicere, id. ib. 2, 8, 37: longius et liberius exseritur digitus, Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97: ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat, freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

2. līber, ĕri (gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155; but also: liberorum, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

  1. I. Sing. (post-class. and rare): si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat, Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.
  2. II. Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).
    1. A. Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.): cum conjugibus et liberis, Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3: eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse, id. ib. 16, 11, 1: liberos procreare, id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109: suscipere liberos, id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161: per liberos te precor, Hor. Epod. 5, 5: dulces, id. ib. 2, 40: parvuli, Quint. 2, 15, 8; opp. parentes, id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one’s twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child: non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est, Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5: neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem) … qui liberos tres haberet, Gell. 1, 12, 8: uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant, Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.
      Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren: liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur, Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.: liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur, ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7: habitus sis in liberum loco, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.
      1. 2. Esp.
          1. (α) Of sons (opp. daughters): procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias, Hyg. Fab. 9.
          2. (β) Of children in gen. = pueri: praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione, Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.
    2. B. Transf., of animals, young: liberis orbas oves, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.
      Comically: quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

3. Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. λείβω, to pour; λοιβή, a drink-offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus: hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item, Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19: tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo, Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5: Liber et alma Ceres, Verg. G. 1, 7: ex aede Liberi, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128; in a pun with 1. liber, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free: quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi, Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.: salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc., id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.
Connected with pater: sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19: Romulus et Liber pater, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5: per vestigia Liberi patris, Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39: patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus, Col. 3, 21, 3: Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur, Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.

  1. B. Meton., wine: illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60: Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane, Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra: sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc., Hor. C. 4, 12, 14: condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber, id. S. 1, 4, 89.

4. lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. λέπειν, to peel; λέπος, λεπίς; cf. λοβός], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen.: obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci, Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120: colligatae libris (arundines), Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4: udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro, Verg. G. 2, 77: natam libro et silvestri subere clausam, id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67: quam denso fascia libro, Juv. 6, 263.
    2. B. Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.): antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris, Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.
      Hence,
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.: charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.
    2. B. Most freq. a book, work, treatise: Demetrii liber de concordia, Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6: quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui, id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5: dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi, id. de Sen. 15, 54: libros pervolutare, id. Att. 5, 12, 2: evolvere, id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24: volvere, id. Brut. 87, 298: legere, id. Fam. 6, 6, 8: edere, id. Fat. 1, 1: libri confectio, id. de Sen. 1, 1: tempus ad libros vacuum, id. Rep. 1, 9, 14: cujus (Platonis) in libris, id. ib. 1, 10, 16: in Graecorum libris, id. ib. 2, 11, 21: librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare, Juv. 3, 41: actorum libri, the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.
    3. C. In partic.
      1. 1. A division of a work a look: tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum, Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3: hi tres libri (de Officiis), id. Off. 3, 33, 121: sermo in novem libros distributus, id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1: dictum est in libro superiore, id. Off. 2, 13, 43 sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1: versus de libro Ennii annali sexto, id. 6, 3, 86: liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc., id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al.
        Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted: in T. Livii primo, Quint. 9, 2, 37: in tertio de Oratore, id. 9, 1, 26: legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.
      2. 2. In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute-book, code: decemviris adire libros jussis, i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12: se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc., Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11: ut in libris est Etruscorum, id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3: caerimoniarum, rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.
    4. D. A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.
    5. E. A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.
  3. F. A rescript, decree (post-Aug.): liber principis severus et tamen moderatus, Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

Lībĕra, ae, f. [3. Liber].

  1. I. Proserpine, daughter of Ceres, and sister of Liber: hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt, etc., Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; id. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 36: Ceres et Libera, quarum sacra, etc., id. ib. 2, 5, 72, § 137: signa aënea Cereri, Libero Liberaeque posuerunt, Liv. 33, 25: supplicatio ad Cereris, Liberi Liberaeque fuit, id. 41, 28; for which in full: familia ad aedem Cereris, Liberi Liberaeque venum iret, id. 3, 55, 7.
  2. II. Ariadne (because she was the wife of Bacchus), Ov. F. 3, 512.

Lībĕrālĭa, ĭum, v. 3. Liber, II.

1. lībĕrālis, e, adj. [1. liber], of or belonging to freedom, relating to the freeborn condition of a man.

  1. I. Lit.: liberalis causa or liberale judicium, a suit concerning a person’s freedom, v. Dig. 40, 12, 1 sqq.; Paul. Sent. 5, 1, 1 sqq.: si quisquam hanc liberali caussa manu adsereret, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 4; cf. 5, 2, 68: manu eas adserat liberali causa, id. Poen. 4, 2, 84: nam ego liberali illam assero causa manu, I formally assert that she is freeborn, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40: judicium, Quint. 6, 3, 32: liberale conjugium, a marriage between persons of free condition, Ter. And. 3, 3, 29.
    Pleon.: ego te hoc triduom numquam sinam in domo esse, quin ego te liberalem liberem, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 53.
  2. II. Transf., befitting a freeman, gentlemanly, noble, noble-minded, honorable, ingenuous, gracious, kind (syn.: generosus, ingenuus).
    1. A. In gen.: ingenium, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 59; id. Ep. 1, 1, 41: artes liberales, befitting a freeman, Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 35; cf.: liberalia studia accipimus, quae Graeci ἐλευθέρια μαθήματα appellant; rhetores continebuntur, grammatici, geometrae, Dig. 50, 13, 1: hae artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometria, musica, litterarum cognitio et poëtarum, etc., Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 127; cf.: omnis liberalis et digna homine nobili doctrina, id. Ac. 2, 1, 1: de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, id. Off. 1, 42, 150: liberalissima studia, id. Arch. 3, 4; id. Cael. 21 52; id. Rep. 1, 5, 9: spes liberalioris fortunae, of a higher, more respectable station, Liv. 22, 26: responsum, kind, gracious, Cic. Att. 3, 15, 4; so, liberalibus verbis permulceri, Sall. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 871 P.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Bountiful, generous, munificent, liberal (syn. munificus): liberales (sunt), qui suis facultatibus aut captos a praedonibus redimunt, aut aes alienum suscipiunt amicorum, etc., Cic. Off. 2, 16, 56: benefici liberalesque, id. Lael. 9, 31; cf.: liberalissimi et beneficentissimi, id. ib. 14, 51: liberalissimus munificentissimusque, id. Rosc. Com. 8, 22: virtus munifica et liberalis, id. Rep. 3, 8, 12: largus, beneficus, liberalis, id. Deiot. 9, 26.
          1. * (β) With gen.: laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant, Sall. C. 7, 6.
          2. (γ) With in and acc.: in omne genus hominum liberalissimus, Suet. Vesp. 7.
        1. b. Of things, plentiful, copious, abundant: largum et liberale viaticum, Cic. Fl. 6, 14: potio, Cels. 3, 6: liberalius alimentum, id. 8, 10, 7.
      2. 2. Noble, engaging, beautiful (ante-class.): illarum altera pulcer est et liberalis, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 60: lepidā et liberali formast, id. ib. 4, 1, 20; id. Ep. 5, 1, 41; id. Pers. 1, 3, 50: species, id. ib. 4, 3, 76; cf.: liberales dicuntur non solum benigni, sed etiam ingenuae formae homines, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.
        Hence, adv.: lībĕrālĭter, in a manner befitting a freeman, nobly, ingenuously, kindly, courteously, graciously.
      1. 1. In gen.: homo liberaliter educatus, Cic. Fin. 3, 17, 57: eruditi, id. Tusc. 2, 2, 6: vivere, id. Lael. 23, 86: servire, i. e. properly, Ter. And. 1, 1, 11: respondere, kindly, courteously, Caes. B. G. 4, 18: oratione aliquem prosequi, id. ib. 2, 5.
      2. 2. In partic., bountifully, profusely, generously, liberally: benigne ac liberaliter, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196: large et liberaliter, id. ib. 2, 3, 88, § 204: instructus, Caes. B. C. 3, 61.
        Comp.: vivo paulo liberalius, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3: nec potui accipi liberalius, id. Att. 16, 6, 1: ille (sal) in cibis paulo liberalius aspersus, Quint. 6, 3, 19: ubi liberalius malos odimus, more abundantly, more heartily, Plin. Pan. 68, 7.
        Sup.: dotem largiri liberalissime, App. M. 10, p. 250, 13: liberalissime polliceri, Cic. Att. 5, 13, 2.

2. Lībĕrālis, e, adj., of or belonging to Liber or Bacchus: ludi, a festival in honor of Bacchus, = Liberalia (v. infra), Naev. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll.
Hence, subst.: Lībĕrālĭa, ĭum, n., a festival in honor of Liber, celebrated on the 17th of March, the day on which youths received the manly toga, Ov. F. 3, 713: Liberalium dies, a pontificibus agonium martiale appellatur, Macr. S. 1, 4, § 15: sacra, id. ib. 1, 18, § 22; Calend. Maff. ap. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 411: Liberalia tu accusas, Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1: Liberalibus litteras accepi tuas, id. Fam. 12, 25, 1.
Called also: ludi Liberales: Liberalia Liberi festa, quae apud Graecos dicuntur Διονύσια. Libera lingua loquemur ludis Liberalibus, Naev. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll.; Com. Rel. v. 113 Rib.

lībĕrālĭtas, ātis, f. [1. liber], a way of thinking befitting a freeman; a noble, kind, or friendly disposition, noble spirit, kindness, affability.

  1. I. In gen. (rare): liberalitate liberos retinere satius est, quam metu, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 32: qui ita vivunt, ut eorum probetur fides, liberalitas, kindness, Cic. Lael. 5, 19: (L. Cassius) homo, non liberalitate, ut alii, sed ipsa tristitia et severitate popularis, id. Brut. 25, 97.
  2. II. In partic., generosity, liberality (the usual signif. of the word; syn.: bonitas, beneficentia, benignitas): beneficentia, quam eandem vel benignitatem vel liberalitatem appellari licet, Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20: liberalitas ac benignitas, id. de Or. 2, 25, 105: magnificentia liberalitatis, id. Rosc. Com. 8, 24: ut ea liberalitate utamur, quae prosit amicis, noceat nemini, id. Off. 1, 14, 43: quid dicam de pietate in matrem, liberalitate in sorores? id. Lael. 3, 11: liberalitatis virtutes, Quint. 6 prooem. § 10: illa quidam catachresis volunt esse, cumpro luxuria liberalitas dicitur; a quibus equidem dissentio, id. 8, 6, 36.
    1. B. Transf. (abstr. pro concr.), a gift, present (post-Aug.): decima parte liberalitatis apud quemque eorum relicta, Tac. H. 1, 20; Suet. Tib. 46: unaque et altera liberalitate locupletavit, id. Vit. Hor.
      Plur.: revocatae liberalitates ejus, gifts, grants, Suet. Claud. 29: liberalitates Neronis revocandas curavit, id. Galb. 15.

lībĕrātĭo, ōnis, f. [libero], a freeing or becoming free, a delivering, releasing, release, liberation.

  1. I. In gen.: ipsa liberatione et vacuitate omnis molestiae gaudemus, Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 37: malorum, Quint. 5, 10, 33: culpae, Cic. Lig. 1, 1: rempublicam sub obtentu liberationis invadere, of setting it at liberty, Just. 5, 8, 12.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. A discharge in a court of law, an acquittal: libidinosissimae liberationes, Cic. Pis. 36, 87.
    2. B. In jurid. Lat., a discharge or release from debt, a payment: liberationis verbum eandem vim habet quam solutionis, Dig. 50, 16, 47: liberationem debitori legare, i. e. remission, ib. 34, 3, 3; cf.: de liberatione legata, of releasing from a debt by last will or testament, ib. 34, tit. 3.

lībĕrātor, ōris, m. [libero],

  1. I. a freer, deliverer, liberator: patriae liberatores, Cic. Phil. 1, 2, 6: urbis, Liv. 1, 60: nostri liberatores, Cic. Att. 14, 12, 2: liberator suus, Liv. 6, 14: scortorum, * Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 14.
    In apposition: liberator populus, Liv. 35, 18 fin.
    So as an epithet of Jupiter (like Ζευς ἐλευθέριος): libare se liquorem illum Jovi liberatori, Tac. A. 15, 64; 16, 35.
    So in eccl. Lat. freq. of God: refugium meum ac liberator meus, Vulg. Psa. 17, 3.
  2. II. Transf.: liberator ille populi Romani animus, Liv. 1, 56.

lībĕrātrix, īcis, f. [liberator], she that releases, Eckhel. D. N. V. T. 6, p. 288.

lībĕrē, adv., v. 1. liber fin. A.

lībĕri, ōrum, children; v. 2. liber.

lībĕro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old form of the fut. perf. liberasso, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 66), v. a. [1. liber], to make or set free, to free, liberate (syn. vindico).

  1. I. Lit., to release from slavery, to free, manumil: amicas emite, liberate, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 22: liberem ego te? id. Men. 5, 7, 35: servos, Caes. B. C. 3, 9: sese, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 182: aliquem vindictā liberare, Plin. Ep. 7, 16, 4.
  2. II. Transf.
    1. A. In gen., to free, release, extricate, deliver (cf. levo) a person or thing from something (an obligation, debt, difficulty, etc.); constr.: aliquem (aliquid) ab aliqua re, with simple abl.; less freq. with gen.
        1. a. With personal objects.
          1. (α) With ab: teque item ab eo vindico ac libero, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1: se a Venere, to release one’s self from one’s duty to Venus, id. Div. in Caecil. 17, 53.
          2. (β) With abl.: divortio te liberabo incommodis, Poët. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38: defensionum laboribus senatoriisque muneribus liberatus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 1: aliquem culpā, id. Att. 13, 22, 3: aliquem invidiā, id. N. D. 1, 6, 13: aliquem suspicione crudelitatis, id. Fam. 1, 2, 3: aliquem magnā sollicitudine, id. Att. 6, 1, 10; cf.: populum metu, id. Rep. 1, 16, 25: liberatus omni perturbatione animi, id. ib. 1, 17, 28: aliquem periculo, Caes. B. C. 3, 83: obsidione, id. B. G. 4, 19: se aere alieno, to pay a debt, Cic. Att. 6, 2, 4.
          3. (γ) With gen.: aliquem culpae, Liv. 41, 19: voti liberari, id. 5, 28.
          4. * (δ) With ex: multos ex incommodis pecuniā, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 9, § 23.
            (ε) With simple acc.: vectigales multos ac stipendiarios liberavit, exempted from taxes, Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 10: Volusii liberandi, meum fuit consilium, to release from obligation, id. Fam. 5, 20, 4: Buthrotios cum Caesar decreto suo liberavisset, viz., from a division of their lands, id. Att. 16, 16, C, 11: amotusque post triumphum abdicatione dictaturae terror et linguam et animos liberaverat hominum, Liv. 6, 16, 8: (debitores) capitis deminutione liberantur, i. e. from debt, Gai. Inst. 3, 84 al.
        2. b. With inanim. and abstr. objects: eum (mundum) ab omni erratione liberavit, Cic. Univ. 6; cf. below, at the end of this number: quorum linguae sic inhaererent, ut loqui non possent, eae scalpello resectae liberarentur, would be set free, id. Div. 2, 46, 96: liberare agros, to free or exempt from taxes, id. Agr. 1, 4, 10: publica liberare, id. ib. 2, 21, 57; cf.: liberari omnia Asiae emporia portusque, Liv. 32, 33: liberata vectigalia, id. 41, 28: fundum alii obligatum liberare, Dig. 18, 1, 41: liberare fidem, to discharge one’s promise, keep one’s word, Cic. Fl. 20, 47: liberare promissa, to cancel promises, to make them void and of no effect, id. Off. 1, 10, 33: nomina, to settle debts, Liv. 7, 21: impensam, to clear or repay expenses, Col. 3, 3.
          Of an abstr. object: divinum animum corpore liberatum cogitatione complecti, Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. To absolve or acquit in a court of justice (syn.: absolvo, solvo): aliquem, opp. condemnare, Cic. Clu. 22, 60: aliquem crimine aliquo, id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 71: liberatur Milo, non eo consilio profectus esse, is acquitted of the charge of having undertaken a journey with the design, etc., id. Mil. 18, 47: reum a judicibus hoc defensionis modo liberari non posse, Quint. 7, 4, 20.
        Very rarely with acc. of the charge: crimen libidinis confessio intemperantiae liberavit, Val. Max. 8, 1, 12.
      2. 2. To clear, i. e. to pass, traverse, cross over a place without hinderance (post-Aug.): flumen, Front. Strat. 1, 5, 3; 4, 7, 28; Hyg. Fab. 257: angustias freti, Front. Strat. 1, 4, 13: limen, Petr. 136.
      3. 3. Templa liberata, freed from buildings that obstructed the view, i. e. having a free prospect, Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21.

līberta, ae, v. libertus, B.

lībertas (old form, loebertas; v. 1. liber init.), ātis, f. [1. liber], the state or condition of a freeman, a being free, freedom, liberty, freedom from restraint or obligation, free will, etc.

  1. I. In gen.: quid est enim libertas? potestas vivendi, ut velis, Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34: ne majorem largiar ei, qui contra dicturus est, libertatem et licentiam, id. Ac. 2, 10, 30: praecidere sibi libertatem vivendi, id. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3: tabella dat populo eam libertatem, ut, quod velint, faciant, id. Planc. 6, 16: libertas in ridendo, in plorando, id. ib. 14, 33: omnium rerum impunitam libertatem tenere, id. de Or. 1, 52, 226: libertas est naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique facere libet, nisi si quid vi aut jure prohibetur, Just. Inst. 1, 3, 1.
    With gen.: feminae omnium rerum libertatem desiderant, Liv. 34, 2 fin: testamentorum, Quint. 3, 6, 84: verborum (with licentia figurarum), id. 10, 1, 28: dialogorum, id. 10, 5, 15: caeli, the open air, id. 10, 3, 22.
    Poet. with inf sit modo libertas, quae velit ira, loqui, Prop. 1, 1, 28: nec mihi libertas imis freta tollere arenis, Val. Fl. 1, 601.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. Civil freedom, liberty, opp. to slavery: Scaevae, servo Q. Crotonis, libertas data est, Cic. Rab. Perd. 11, 31: alicujus libertati parcere, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 206 Vahl.): omnes homines naturā libertati studere et condicionem servitutis odisse, Caes. B. G. 3, 10 fin.: patriam et libertatem perdidi, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 50: libertas paenulast tergo tuo, id. Most. 4, 2, 74: haruspex his promisit libertatem, id. Poen. 5, 4, 54: aliquem in libertatem asserere, Suet. Vit. 10: petitur puer in libertatem, id. Rhet. 1: libertatis condicio, Ulp. Fragm. 2, 3: favor libertatis, Gai. Inst. 1, 21; Paul. Sent. 2, 23, 2: libertatem dare, Gai. Inst. 2, 200: amittere, id. ib. 1, 160 sq.
          1. (β) In plur. (anteand post-class.): tribus non conduci possim libertatibus, Quin, etc., Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 70: pecunias et libertates servis et ante dono datas, Tac. A. 15, 55: in libertatibus dandis, Gai. Inst. 2, § 228: libertatium conservandarum causa, Dig. 38, 1, 13, § 1: lex (Fufia Caninia) cavet ut libertates servis testamento nominatim dentur, Ulp. Fragm. 1, 25.
      1. 2. Trop.: se in libertatem vindicare, Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 145; cf.: in libertatem vindicati, id. N. D. 1, 20, 56.
    2. B. Political freedom, liberty, or independence of a people not under monarchical rule, or not subject to another people (opp. servitus and dominatus): aut exigendi reges non fuerunt: aut plebi re, non verbo danda libertas, Cic. Leg. 3, 10 fin.: aliae nationes servitutem pati possunt: populi Romani est propria libertas, id. Phil. 6, 7 fin.; cf. id. ib. 3, 11 fin.: in optimatium dominatu vix particeps libertatis potest esse multitudo, id. Rep. 1, 27, 43: et a regum et a patrum dominatione solere in libertatem rem populi vindicari, etc., id. ib. 1, 32, 48: alicui eripere libertatem, id. ib. 1, 17, 28: in libertate permanere, Caes. B. G. 3, 8: libertatem accipere, recuperare, id. ib. 7, 1 fin.: plus communi libertati tribuere, id. ib. 7, 37: per dolum ac proditionem prope libertas amissa est, Liv. 2, 3, 1: conditor Romanae libertatis, id. 8, 34.
    3. C. The spirit of liberty, consciousness of freedom: dolor animi, innata libertas, prompta excellensque virtus, Cic. Sest. 41, 88: timefacta libertas, id. Off. 2, 7, 24.
    4. D. Freedom of speech or thought, frankness, boldness, candor (mostly post-Aug.): hoc mihi libertas, hoc pia lingua dedit, Ov. H. 15, 68: vera de exitu ejus magna cum libertate ominatus est, Vell. 2, 71, 2: quae in aliis libertas est, in aliis licentia vocatur, Quint. 3, 8, 48: affectatores libertatis, id. 6, 2, 16; 10, 1, 94: antiqua comoedia facundissimae libertatis, id. 10, 1, 65: vox honestissimae libertatis, id. 11, 1, 37: libertas ingenii, Sall. J. 30, 3.
    5. E. Freedom from taxation, exemption: aedium, Dig. 8, 6, 18.
  3. F. Personified: Līber-tas, tatis, f., the goddess of Liberty, whose temple on the Aventine Hill was founded by the father of Tiberius Gracchus in the second Punic war; in the atrium of this temple the census-tables were preserved, Ov. F. 4, 624; Liv. 24, 17; 25, 7; 34, 44; 45, 15; Cic. Mil. 22, 59; id. Att. 4, 16, 14; id. N. D. 2, 23, 61. A statue of Libertas was erected by Clodius on the site of Cicero’s house after it was pulled down, Cic. Att. 4, 2, 3.

lībertīna, ae, v. 1. libertinus, II. B.

lībertīnĭtas, ātis, f. [libertinus], the condition of a freedman (jurid. Lat.), Dig. 22, 3, 14; 4, 8, 32; 49, 4, 2 med. al.

* lībertīnĭum, ii, n. [libertinus], the property obtained by a freedman on the death of his patron: tenue, Calp. Decl. 14 fin. dub.

1. lībertīnus, a, um, adj. [libertus],

  1. I. of or belonging to the condition of a freedman (opp. ingenuus, of the condition of a freeborn person; cf. in the foll. the passage Tac. A. 15, 57, and under II. A. the passage from Gai. Inst. 1, 10 and 11): homo liber, qui se vendidit, manumissus non ad suum statum revertitur, quo se abdicavit, sed efficitur libertinae condicionis, enters into the condition of a freedman, becomes a freedman, Dig. 1, 5, 21: in classem mille socii navales cives Romani libertini ordinis scribi jussi, Liv. 43, 12, 9; 42, 27, 3 (for which: navales socii cives Romani, qui servitutem servissent, id. 40, 18, 7); Suet. Gram. 18: Atilius quidam libertini generis, Tac. A. 4, 62; 2, 85; Suet. Aug. 44: libertinus homo, a freedman, Cic. Balb. 11, 28; id. Cat. 3, 6, 14; id. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 124; cf.: mulieris libertinae sermo, of a freedwoman, Liv. 39, 13, 2: libertina mulier, Tac. A. 15, 57; Suet. Calig. 16: ut me libertino patre natum, of a father who was a freedman, Hor. S. 1, 6, 6; so, id. ib. 45; 46; id. Ep. 1, 20, 20: sunt etiam libertini optimates, Cic. Sest. 45, 97: miles, Suet. Aug. 25: plebs, Plin. 14, 4, 5, § 48: opes, Mart. 5, 13, 6: homines libertini ordinis, Gell. 5, 19, 12.
    Hence,
  2. II. Subst.
    1. A. lībertīnus, i, m., a freedman (in reference to his status in society or the state; whereas a freedman was called libertus in reference to the manumitter): qui servus est, si manumittatur, fit libertinus, Quint. 5, 10, 60; cf.: servus cum manumittitur, libertinus: addictus recepta libertate ingenuus, id. 7, 3, 27: liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini. Ingenui sunt, qui liberi nati sunt: libertini sunt, qui ex justa servitute manumissi sunt, Gai. Inst. 1, §§ 10 and 11; Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 10: sed ita pars libertinorumst, nisi patrono qui advorsatust, ni illi offecit, etc., id. Pers. 5, 2, 57: Ti. Gracchus libertinos in urbanas tribus transtulit, Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 38; id. Phil. 3, 6 fin.: libertini centuriati, Liv. 10, 21, 4: libertinis detrahenda est auctoritas, Quint. 11, 1, 88: neminem libertinorum adhibitum ab eo cenae, Suet. Aug. 74: primus omnium libertinorum scriberehistoriam orsus, id. Rhet. 3: quae deberetur cuidam libertino, clienti tuo, id. Caes. 2; cf. id. Claud. 26; Hor. S. 2, 3, 281: unde Mundior exiret vix libertinus honeste, id. ib. 2, 7, 12: libertinis nullo jure uti praetextis licebat, Macr. S. 1, 6, 13.
      1. 2. Transf., the son of a freedman, opp. libertus, the freedman himself (only acc. to a statement of Suetonius and of Isidore; v. the foll.): ignarus, temporibus Appii et deinceps aliquandiu libertinos dictos non ipsos, qui manumitterentur, sed ingenuos ex his procreatos, Suet. Claud. 24: libertorum filii apud antiquos libertini appellabantur, quasi de libertis nati. Nunc vero libertinus aut a liberto factus aut possessus, Isid. Orig. 9, 4, 47: libertinos ab ingenuis adoptari jure posse, Mas. Sab. ap. Gell. 5, 19, 11.
    2. B. lībertīna, ae, f., a freedwoman, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 16: ingenuamne an libertinam? id. ib. 3, 1, 189: amore libertinae perinfamis, Suet. Vit. 2: aulica, id. Oth. 2; Gai. Inst. 3, § 51: tutior merx est Libertinarum, Hor. S. 1, 2, 48: Myrtale, id. C. 1, 33, 15: Phryne, id. Epod. 14, 15: libertinas ducere, Ulp. Fragm. 13, 1: libertinae quae longa veste uterentur, Macr. S. 1, 6, 13.

2. lībertīnus, i, v. 1. libertinus, II. A.

lībertus, a, um, adj. [= liberatus, from libero], made free, set free, only as subst., one made free, a freedman, an emancipated person (so called in reference to the manumitter; cf. libertinus, II., and on the several classes of freedmen, v. Sanders ad Just. Inst. 1, 5, 3).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. līber-tus, i, m.: tibi servire mavelim Multo, quam alii libertus esse, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 47: nec mihi quidem libertus ullus est, id. Curc. 4, 3, 15: feci, e servo ut esses libertus mihi, Ter. And. 1, 1, 10: libertus Cossinii, Cic. Fam. 13, 23: Ciceronis libertus Tiro, Quint. 10, 7, 31: Claudii Caesaris libertus, id. 6, 3, 81: servos nostros libertos suos fecisset, Cic. Mil. 33, 90; Suet. Claud. 27; Cic. Fam. 13, 21, 2; id. Sest. 35, 76: patrono in libertum manus injectio sit, Quint. 7, 7, 9; cf. id. 11, 1, 66.
    2. B. In fem.: lī-berta, ae (dat. and abl. libertis, Tac. A. 12, 53; Plin. Ep. 10, 4, 2), a freedwoman: jam libertā auctus es? Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 15: tua, id. ib. 4, 8, 7: mea, id. Ep. 3, 4, 29: matris meae liberta, Suet. Claud. 40: Anto niae liberta, id. Vesp. 3: si neque ipsa patrona neque liberta capite deminuta sit, Gai. Inst. 3, § 51: libertis libertabusque meis, Dig. 50, 16, 105; so esp. freq. in inscriptions: LIBERTIS LIBERTABVSQVE POSTERISQVE EORVM, etc., Inscr. Orell. 3006; 3026 sq.
  2. II. Transf., in gen., a freedman, without reference to the manumitter; for the usual libertinus (only in late Lat.): de libertis et eorum liberis, Cod. Just. 6, 7 (for which: de libertinis, Just. Inst. 1, 5; Cod. Just. 10, 56).