Lewis & Short

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ăcerbe, adv., v. acerbus fin.

ăcerbĭtas, ātis, f. [acerbus], sharpness, sourness, harshness, the harsh taste of fruits.

  1. I. Prop.: fructus non laetos et uberes, sed magna acerbitate permixtos tulissem, Cic. Planc. 38, 92.
    Hence,
  2. II. Fig., sharpness.
    1. A. Of moral qualities, harshness, severity, rigor, moroseness (opp. comitas, lenitas, and the like): severitatem probo, acerbitatem nullo modo, Cic. de Sen. 18: acerbitas morum immanitasque naturae, id. Phil. 12, 11; so id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13; Suet. Caes. 12; id. Ner. 44; cf. Brem. Nep. Dion. 6, 5.
      Also satirical scverity: acerbitas et abunde salis, Quint. 10, 1, 94; cf. ib. 96, 117.
      Also violence, anger: dissensio sine acerbitate, Cic. Off. 1, 25; id. Lael. 23, 87.
      And hatred: nomen vestrum odio atque acerbitati scitote nationibus exteris futurum, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 30.
    2. B. Of one’s lot or fortune, grief, sorrow, pain, anguish, affliction, and the like: acerbitas summi luctūs, Cic. Fam. 5, 16: lacrimas, quas tu in meis acerbitatibus plurimas effudisti, Cic. Planc. 42, 101: omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferre, id. Cat. 4, 1; so id. Sest. 38; id. Att. 9, 6; Nep. Alc. 6 al.

* ăcerbĭtūdo, ĭnis, f. [acerbus], = acerbitas, acc. to Gell. 13, 3.

ăcerbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [acerbus] (vox Vergil.).

  1. I. To make harsh or bitter, to embitter; lit. and trop. (very rare): gaudia, Stat. Th. 12, 75: mortem, Val. Fl. 6, 655.
    Hence in an extended sense,
  2. II. To augment or aggravate any thing disagreeable (cf. acuo): formidine crimen acerbat, Verg. A. 11, 407: nefas Eteoclis, Stat. Th. 3, 214.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

  1. I. Prop.: Neptuni corpus acerbum, bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like: uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit, Cic. de Sen. 15: saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc., Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24; and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae, Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.
    Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. θάϝατος ἄωρος (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16: ante diem edere partus acerbos, premature, Ov. F. 4, 647.
    1. B. Transf.
          1. (α) to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill: serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima, Auct. Her. 4, 47;
          2. (β) to feeling, sharp, keen: frigus, bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.
  2. II. Fig.
    1. A. Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe: melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur, Cic. Lael. 24: posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire, for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus): acerbissimi feneratores, id. Att. 6, 1; so of adversaries or enemies, violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4: acerbissimus hostis, id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8: acerbus odisti, Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. & H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas? Tib. 1, 2, 98 al.
    2. B. Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.): ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas! Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29: in rebus acerbis, Lucr. 3, 54: acerbissimum supplicium, Cic. Cat. 4, 6: acerbissima vexatio, id. ib. 4, 1: acerba memoria temporis, id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.
      Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35: acerbum funus filiae, id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome.
      In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.
      Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1: idem acerbe severus in filium, id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.
      Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.
      Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.