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spĕcĭālis, e, adj. [species], not general, individual, particular, special (post-Aug. for singularis, proprius): genera specialia, Sen. Ep. 58, 9: illud generale … hoc speciale, Quint. 5, 10, 43: quaestiones, id. 3, 5, 9: status, id. 3, 6, 22: tractatus, id. 5, 7, 35: nomen speciale cognationis, Dig. 38, 20, 10: quod speciale semper habuerunt, proper, peculiar, Treb. XXX. Tyr. 14.
Adv.: spĕ-cĭālĭter, particularly, specially, specifically (cf.: singillatim, nominatim, proprie): generatim atque specialiter aliquid disponere, Col. 12, 2, 3: distinctae, id. 3, 19; opp. generaliter, Quint. 5, 10, 43; Cels. 5, 24, 4: exprimere, Dig. 44, 4, 2: facere, ib. 45, 1, 58.
spĕcĭālĭtas, ātis, f. [specialis], particularity, peculiarity, Anton. Gramm. ap. Front. Diff. Verb. p. 2197 P.; Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 8; Isid. 2, 25, 6.
spĕcĭālĭter, adv., v. specialis fin.
‡ spĕcĭārĭa, ae, f. [species], perh. a female spice-dealer, Inscr. Orell. 4302.
(spĕcĭārĭus, a, um, a false read., Caes. B. C. 3, 53 fin.)
spĕcĭātim, adv. [species], in particular, specially (post-class.); opp. generatim, Mart. Cap. 9, § 939.
* spĕcĭātus, a, um, adj. [species], shaped, formed, Tert. adv. Herm. 40.
spĕcĭes, ēi (gen. sing. specie or specii, Matius ap. Gell. 9, 14, 15; gen. and dat. plur. were not in use in Cicero’s time, but formarum, formis were used instead; cf. Cic. Top. 7, 30.
At a later period were introduced: specierum, Pall. Oct. 14, 15; Cod. Just. 1, 2, 10; Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 5, § 151; cf. Charis. p. 18 P.; and Diom. p. 281 P.: speciebus, App. ad Asclep. p. 92, 25; Cod. Just. 11, 9, 1 al.; Dig. 28, 2, 29, § 10), f. [specio].
- I. Act., a seeing, sight, look, view (rare; cf. aspectus): speciem quo vortimus, Lucr. 4, 242; so id. 4, 236 (for which, a little before, visus); 5, 707; 5, 724; Vitr. 3, 2 fin.; 5, 9: si tantis intervallis nostra species potest id animadvertere, id. 9, 4: qui sensus nostros specie primā acerrime commovent, Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 98: qui doloris speciem ferre non possunt, id. Tusc. 2, 23, 54.
- II. Pass., prop. that which is seen in a thing, i. e. the outward appearance, outside, exterior; shape, form, figure, mien, etc. (freq. and class.; syn. forma).
- A. Lit.: praeter speciem stultus, Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 49: quod speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago, Lucr. 4, 52; cf.: quae species formaque pugnae, qui motus hominum non ita expictus est, ut, etc., outlines, contours, Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114: esse aliquem humanā specie et figurā, id. Rosc. Am. 22, 63: hominis esse specie deos confitendum est, id. N. D. 1, 18, 48: edepol specie lepida mulier! Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 2; cf.: bellan’ videtur specie mulier? id. Bacch. 4, 7, 40; id. Most. 1, 3, 23; id. Mil. 4, 2, 10; 4, 6, 20: urbis speciem vidi, id. Pers. 4, 4, 2; so, species praeclara oppidi, Cic. Rep. 3, 32, 44; id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129: sphaerae (Archimedeae), etc., id. Rep. 1, 14, 21: navium, Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf.: nova atque inusitata, id. ib. 2, 31: horribilis, id. ib. 7, 36: agro bene culto nihil potest esse specie ornatius, Cic. Sen. 16, 57: horum hominum species est honestissima, id. Cat. 2, 8, 18: ad speciem magnifico ornatu, as to outward appearance, id. Verr. 2, 1, 22, § 58: populi, id. Rep. 3, 33, 45: nec ulla deformior species est civitatis, quam illa, in quā opulentissimi optimi putantur, id. Rep. 1, 34, 51: speciem honesti habere, the look or semblance of what is right, id. Off. 3, 2, 7: turba majorem quam pro numero speciem ferens, Curt. 3, 2, 3; cf.: fallaces sunt rerum species, quibus credimus, Sen. Ben. 4, 34, 1.
- 2. Something seen, a spectacle, sight, appearance: ponite itaque ante oculos miseram quidem illam ac flebilem speciem, Cic. Phil. 11, 3: non tulit hanc speciem furiatā mente Coroebus, Verg. A. 2, 407 (cf. I. supra).
- 3. Trop., that which is seen by the mind, an idea, notion: hanc illi ἰδέαν appellabant: nos recte speciem possumus dicere, Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 30; cf. id. Top. 7, 30: insidebat in ejus mente species eloquentiae, id. Or. 5, 18: excellentis eloquentiae speciem et formam adumbrabimus, id. ib. 14, 43: species, forma et notio viri boni, id. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.: prima sit haec forma et species et origo tyranni, id. Rep. 2, 29, 51: qui species alias veri scelerisque capiet, Hor. S. 2, 3, 208: utinam non inanes species anxio animo figuraret, Curt. 7, 1, 36.
- B. In partic.
- 1. A look, show, seeming, appearance, semblance, pretence, cloak, color, pretext, etc. (opp. that which is real, actual, etc.).
- a. In gen.: obiciuntur saepe formae, quae reapse nullae sunt, speciem autem offerunt, Cic. Div. 1, 37, 81: ista securitas specie quidem blanda sed reapse, etc., id. Lael. 13, 47: cujus rei species erat acceptio frumenti, Sall. J. 29, 4: fraudi imponere aliquam speciem juris, Liv. 9, 11: specie liberā … re verā, etc., id. 35, 31; cf.: litteras inanis vanā specie libertatis adumbratas esse, id. 33, 31, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.: plurimi ibi a fallaci equitum specie agasonibusque excepti sunt, id. 7, 15, 7: si dux primam speciem adpropinquantis terroris sustinuisset, id. 44, 6, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: quae (nomina) primā specie admirationem, re explicatā risum movent, Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61: quaedam humanitatis habent primam speciem ut misericordia, id. Tusc. 4, 14, 32: similitudinem quandam speciemque sapientium gerere, id. Off. 3, 4, 16: si speciem utilitatis voluptas habere dicetur, id. ib. 3, 33, 120.
Hence,
- b. Esp. with gen. of that which is assumed or pretended, under pretext of, under pretence of, etc.
- (α) With abl.: fortis viros specie quādam virtutis adsimulatae tenebat, Cic. Cael. 6, 14.
- (β) With sub: sub specie tutelae liberūm ejus invasisse regnum, Curt. 9, 2, 7; 10, 6, 21; Liv. 44, 24, 4.
- (γ) With per: per speciem celebrandarum cantu epularum, Liv. 9, 30, 8: per speciem auxilii Byzantiis ferendi, re ipsā, etc., id. 39, 35, 4; 40, 13, 8; 42, 52, 8.
- (δ) With in: si quis in speciem refectionis (viae) deteriorem viam facit, Dig. 43, 11, 1, § 2.
Adverb.: in speciem, for a show, as a pretence: haud dubio in speciem consensu fit ad Poenos deditio, Liv. 24, 1, 8: dilatā in speciem actione, re ipsā sublatā, id. 3, 9, 13; so, ad speciem tabernaculis relictis, Caes. B. C. 2, 35 fin.; id. B. G. 1, 51; Quint. Cic. Pet. Cons. 5, 18 al.
- 2. Also with gen.: in speciem, after the manner, in the fashion, like (cf. tamquam; poet.): inque chori ludunt speciem, Ov. M. 3, 685: in montis speciem curvari, id. ib. 15, 509; cf.: scorpiones vermiculos ovorum specie pariunt, Plin. 11, 25, 30, § 86.
- 3. Pregn., like the Engl. show, for ornament, display, splendor, beauty (cf.: dignitas, venustas): ut in usum boni sint et in speciem populo, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 42: fuit pompa, fuit species, fuit incessus saltem Seplasiā dignus et Capuā, Cic. Pis. 11, 24: adhibere quandam in dicendo speciem atque pompam, id. de Or. 2, 72, 294: speciem candoremque caeli, id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68; cf. id. N. D. 2, 37; 2, 39: specie et motu capere homines, id. Brut. 62, 224: triumpho praebere speciem, Liv. 34, 52, 10: addere speciem, id. 37, 40; 9, 40: si fortunatum species et gratia praestat, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 203: ducit te species, id. S. 2, 2, 35: speciem Saturnia vaccae probat, Ov. M. 1, 612: juvenis, Juv. 10, 310: corporis, Curt. 7, 9, 19; Vitr. 3, 2.
- C. Transf.
- 1. Concr. (for simulacrum, i. q. εἴδωγον).
- a. An appearance in sleep, a vision, apparition (mostly poet.), Lucr. 1, 125: repetit quietis Ipsa suae speciem, Ov. M. 9, 473: voce suā specieque viri turbata soporem Excutit, id. ib. 11, 677: in quiete utrique consuli eadem dicitur visa species viri, etc., Liv. 8, 6: per nocturnas species, id. 26, 19; cf.: mirabundi velut ad somni vanam speciem, id. 33, 32, 7; Sil. 13, 394; Curt. 3, 6, 7.
- b. A likeness, image, statue: tum species ex aere vetus concidit … Et divum simulacra peremit fulminis ardor … Sancta Jovis species … Haec tardata diu species tandem celsā in sede locata, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 12, 21.
- 2. Reputation, honor: o speciem dignitatemque populi Romani, quam reges pertimescant, Cic. Dom. 33, 89.
- 3. The particular thing among many to which the looks are turned; hence, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species: species pars est generis, App. Asclep. p. 78, 26: harum singula genera minimum in binas species dividi possunt, etc., Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 3; cf.: genus est id, quod sui similes communione quādam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes, Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 189: primum illud genus quaerimus, ex quo ceterae species suspensae sunt … Homo species est, ut Aristoteles ait, canis species: commune his vinculum animal, Sen. Ep. 58, 7; Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; id. L. L. 10, § 18; Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 40; id. Or. 10, 33; id. Top. 18, 68; Quint. 3, 6, 26; 3, 10, 2; 5, 10, 90 al.: codicillis multas species vestis, argenti specialiter reliquit, many kinds or sorts, Dig. 34, 2, 19; cf. ib. 41, 1, 7.
- b. In later jurid. lang., a special case: proponitur apud eum species talis: Sutor puero discenti cervicem percussit, etc., Dig. 9, 2, 5 fin.; 31, 1, 85.
- c. In late Lat., goods, wares (that are classed together; cf. assortment); publicae, Cod. Just. 1, 2, 10: annonariae, ib. 11, 73, 3: vendenda sit species, i. e. wine, Pall. Oct. 14, 3.
Esp., spices, drugs, etc., Macr. S. 7, 8 med.; Dig. 39, 4, 16, § 7; Pall. Oct. 14 fin.
* spĕcillātus, a, um, adj. [specillum, dim. of speculum], furnished with little mirrors: patina argentea, Vop. Prob. 4, § 5.
spĕcillum, i, n. [specio], a surgical instrument for examining diseased parts of the body, a probe, Cic. N. D. 3, 22, 57; Cels. 5, 28, 12; 7, 8; 6, 9 med.; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; 32, 7, 24, § 75.
spĕcĭmen, ĭnis, n. [specio], that by which a thing is seen, known, or recognized.
- I. Lit., a mark, token, proof, example, indication, evidence, sign (class.; used only in sing.; cf.: exemplum, exemplar): nunc specimen specitur, nunc certamen cernitur, Plaut. Cas. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. Bacch. 3, 2, 15: tum Specimen cernitur, quo eveniat aedificatio, id. Most. 1, 2, 52: hoc specimen verum esse videtur, Quam celeri motu rerum simulacra ferantur, Lucr. 4, 209: ingenii specimen est quoddam transilire ante pedes posita, Cic. de Or. 3, 40, 160: ingenii, ingenui hominis, id. Fragm. Pis. 1, 2: popularis judicii, id. Brut. 50, 188: eximium consilii specimen, Liv. 8, 7, 18: anticum specimen animorum, id. 38, 17, 20: securitatis, Plin. 7, 55, 56, § 196: Solis avi, Verg. A. 12, 164: tellus Tale dabit specimen, id. G. 2, 241: matris Horae, Val. Fl. 6, 57: specimen dare alicui in aliquā re, to furnish proof, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27; cf.: Romanae fidei specimen gentibus dare, Liv. 38, 58, 6; 25, 36, 16: virtutis, id. 5, 26, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.: ad specimen virtutis ostendendum, id. 28, 21, 3.
- II. Transf., a pattern, model, example, ideal (so a favorite word with Cic.): specimen sationis et insitionis origo Ipsa fuit Natura, Lucr. 5, 1361; cf. id. 5, 186: specimen humanitatis, salis, suavitatis, leporis, Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55: temperantiae prudentiaeque specimen est Q. Scaevola, id. N. D. 3, 32, 80: innocentiae, id. Pis. 39, 95: is ordo ceteris specimen esto, id. Leg. 3, 3, 10: num dubitas, quin specimen naturae capi deceat ex optumā quāque naturā? id. Tusc. 1, 14, 32: unicum antiquitatis specimen, Tac. A. 3, 4.
- B. An ornament, honor: antiquum imperii, Sen. Thyest. 223: egregium, id. Phoen. 80: summum, Amm. 23, 6, 23: tibi specimen gloriosum arrogaris, App. M. 1, p. 112 fin.
spĕcĭo (spĭcĭo, v. infra), spexi, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. spac-, see; Gr. σκέπ-τομαι, σκοπός; Lat.: specto, speculum, etc.], to look, look at, behold (ante-class.): quod nos cum praepositione dicimus aspicio apud veteres sine praepositione spicio dicebatur, Fest. s. v. auspicium, p. 2 Müll.: spectare dictum ab specio antiquo, quo etiam Ennius usus: vos epulo postquam spexit, et quod in auspiciis distributum est, qui habent spectionem, qui non habeant; et quod in auguriis etiam nunc augures dicunt avem specere … Speculum, quod in eo specimus imaginem, etc., Varr. L. L. 6, § 82 Müll. (Vahl. has restored the verse of Ennius, Ann. 402, in this way: quos ubi rex populos spexit de cantibus celsis; cf. infra, Fest. p. 330 Müll.); cf.: posteaquam avim de templo Anchisa spexit, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 10: spicit quoque sine praepositione dixerunt antiqui. Plautus (Mil. 3, 1, 100): flagitium est, si nihil mittetur, quo supercilio spicit. Et spexit, Ennius, l. VI.: quos ubi rex … spexit de montibu’ celsis, Fest. p. 330 Müll.; cf. Cato ib. s. v. spiciunt, p. 344: nunc specimen specitur, nunc certamen cernitur, Plaut. Cas. 3, 1, 2; id. Bacch. 3, 2, 15: nisi mihi credis, spece, id. Truc. 5, 8.
spĕcĭōsē, adv., v. speciosus fin.
spĕcĭōsĭtas, ātis, f. [speciosus], good looks, beauty (eccl. Lat.): naturalis, Tert. Cult. Fem. 2 fin.; Ambros. de Isaac, 7, § 60 al.; Vulg. 1 Macc. 1, 27.
spĕcĭōsus, a, um, adj. [species] (acc. to species, II. B. 3.), good-looking, showy, handsome, beautiful, splendid, brilliant (not freq. till after the Aug. period; syn.: venustus, pulcher, formosus, spectabilis).
- A. Lit. (not so in Cic.): hunc speciosum pelle decorā, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 45: femina, Quint. 5, 10, 47: puer, Petr. 41, 6: corpora, Quint. 11, 3, 26: nec id speciosum fieri putabo, id. 5, 12, 19: in certaminibus speciosa atque robusta, id. 11, 3, 26: ministerium, Vell. 2, 111, 3: familia, id. 2, 59, 2.
Comp.: familiam nemo speciosiorem producit, Sen. Ep. 87, 6: si plenior aliquis et speciosior et coloratior factus est, Cels. 2, 2.
Sup.: homo (Alcibiades), Quint. 8, 4, 23: corpus, id. 2, 15, 9: filia, Petr. 140, 2.
- B. Trop.: reversionis has speciosas causas habes, well-sounding, plausible, specious, Cic. Att. 16, 7, 6; cf.: specioso titulo uti vos, Romani, Graecarum civitatium liberandarum video, Liv. 35, 16: dictu speciosa, id. 1, 23: gerentis bellum Romanos speciosum Graeciae liberandae tulisse titulum, id. 42, 52, 15; 36, 17, 13; cf. Quint. 8, 6, 8: magis necessarium quam speciosum, ministerium, Liv. 4, 8, 6: dicere aliquod speciosum, Quint. 1, 5, 3: speciosum dicendi genus, id. 10, 1, 127: vocabula rerum, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 116: miracula, id. A. P. 144: speciosa locis morataque recte Fabula, id. ib. 319: speciosa nomina culpae Imponis, Ov. M. 7, 69: specioso eripe damno, from this splendid misery, id. ib. 11, 133.
Comp.: cum speciosius quid dicendum est, Quint. 11, 3, 84: speciosior rhetorice quam dialectice, id. 2, 20, 7: speciosiore stili genere, id. 7, 1, 54: gestarum rerum ordinem sequi speciosius fuit, id. 3, 7, 15.
Sup.: longe speciosissimum genus orationis, Quint. 8, 6, 49.
Adv.: spĕcĭōsē, showily, handsomely, splendidly.
- 1. Lit.: vehi, i. e. in a painted or ornamented vessel, Plin. 35, 7, 31, § 49.
Comp.: speciosius instratus equus quam uxor vestita, Liv. 34, 7: tractet arma, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 52: quo speciosius ingrediantur sublimes, Col. 2, 2, 22.
Sup.: contorta hasta (with optime emissa), Quint. 9, 4, 8.
- 2. Trop.: dictum, Quint. 9, 4, 14: translatum, id. 2, 5, 9.
Sup.: usus est, Quint. 8, 6, 18.