Lewis & Short

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1. sum, fŭi, esse (2d pers. ĕs, but usu. ēs in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Müll.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25: esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Müll.: escunt for erunt, Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fūvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168: FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fūit, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159: fūerim, id. ib. 4, 8, 54: fūerit, id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7: sies, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13: siet, Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101: sient, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also, fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108: fuant, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Cæsar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fŏre for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek εσ-μι, whence εὶμί; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhū, to become; bhāvas, condition; Gr. φύω, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

  1. I. As a verb substantive, to be.
    1. A. In gen.
      1. 1. Asserting existence, to be, exist, live: definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc. … definias, Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.: si abest, nullus est, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16: nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim, id. Capt. 3, 3, 1: ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est), id. Truc. 1, 2, 95: omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157: non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet, Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.): flumen est Arar, quod, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 12: homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt! Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43: si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est, id. Lael. 22, 83: nec enim, dum ero, angar ullā re, cum omni vacem culpā: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo, id. Fam. 6, 3, 4: si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna, id. Att. 11, 4, 1: si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc., id. Fam. 2, 16, 6: nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore, id. Sen. 22, 79: si erit ulla res publica … sin autem nulla erit, id. Fam. 2, 16, 5: fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, Verg. A. 2, 325: sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt, Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.
      2. 2. Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place: illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo, Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25: neque enim est periculum, ne, etc., id. ib. 1, 23, 37: amabo, quid tibi est? Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24: quid se futurum esset, Liv. 33, 27.
      3. 3. Of location, to be present, to be at a place.
          1. (α) With adv., or other expressions of place: cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100: cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem, id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27: cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse, id. Rep. 1, 9, 14: cum essemus in castris, id. ib. 1, 15: nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae? id. Fam. 4, 7, 4: vos istic commodissime sperem esse, id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.
          2. (β) Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.: deinceps in lege est, ut, etc., Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40: quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum, id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.
          3. (γ) Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person: cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum, Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21: eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc., id. Brut. 90, 309: erat nemo, quīcum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter, id. Fam. 5, 21, 1: qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt, id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul: Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies, id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.
            Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliquā), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife: cujus soror est cum P. Quintio, Cic. Quint. 24, 77: eā nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit, Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664: cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit, Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28: Curio fuit ad me sane diu, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8: cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit, id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.: esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates, Liv. 28, 18.
      4. 4. Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.: cum est in sagis civitas, Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32: in laxā togā, Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus; Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta, Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr 2, 4, 6, § 11: in servitute, id. Clu. 7, 21: in illā opinione populari, id. ib. 51, 142: in magno nomine et gloriā, id. Div. 1, 17, 31: in spe, id. Fam. 14, 3, 2: in tantā moestitiā, id. Phil. 2, 15, 37: in odio, id. Att. 2, 22, 1: in probris, in laudibus, id. Off. 1, 18, 61: in officio, id. ib. 1, 15, 49: in injustitiā, id. ib. 1, 14, 42: in vitio, id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19: ne in morā quom opus sit, sies, Ter. And. 2, 5, 13: ne in morā illi sis, id. ib. 3, 1, 9: hic in noxia’st, id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36: quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3: in ingenti periculo, Liv. 5, 47: in pace, id. 31, 29.
        So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.: (statua) est et fuit totā Graeciā summo propter ingenium honore et nomine, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87: si quis asperitate eā est et inmanitate naturae, id. Lael. 23, 87: ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse, id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.: in periculo): ego sum spe bonā, id. ib. 12, 28, 3: res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse, id. ib. 12, 28, 3: incredibili sum sollicitudine de tuā valetudine, id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one: rem illam suo periculo esse, id. Att. 6, 1, 6: ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent, Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.: dare nummos meo periculo, Dig. 46, 1, 24: communi periculo, ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. β. infra).
      5. 5. To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.: res erat non in opinione dubiā, Cic. Dom. 5, 11: sed totum est in eo, si, etc., id. Att. 2, 22, 5: omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum, Liv. 10, 14, 12: quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula, Col. 12, 4, 3.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those (people or things) who (that), or simply some.
        1. a. With indic.
          1. (α) Without subject expressed: mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam, Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37: sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere, id. Cas. prol. 67: sunt quae te volumus percontari, id. Ps. 1, 5, 47: quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas? id. ib. 1, 1, 10: quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere? id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.: quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit? id. ib. 5, 1, 15: tun’ is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti? id. Ep. 4, 1, 34: quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est? id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3: at ego est quod volo loqui, id. As. 1, 3, 79: est quod te volo secreto, id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30: sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor, id. Trin. 1, 2, 54: ita subitum’st, quod eum conventum volo, id. ib. 5, 2, 51: sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo, id. Capt. 2, 2, 13: sed est quod suscenset tibi, Ter. And. 2, 6, 17: est quod me transire oportet, id. Hec. 2, 2, 31: quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc., id. ib. 5, 1, 7: sunt item quae appellantur alces, Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.: (nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur, id. ib. 4, 10 fin.: sunt qui putant posse te non decedere, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25: sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi, id. Inv. 1, 40, 72: quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias, id. ib. 2, 55, 167: sunt autem quae praeterii, id. Att. 10, 4, 11: sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse … Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt, id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kühn. N. cr.: sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere, id. Off. 1, 24, 84: Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argolā, etc., Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Müll.: sunt qui ita dicunt, Sall. C. 19, 4: sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent, Quint. 11, 3, 55: sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat, Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5: sunt quibus in satirā videor nimis acer, id. S. 2, 1, 1: sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit, id. ib. 2, 4, 47.
          2. (β) With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause: sunt alii qui te volturium vocant, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64: est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt, Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17: multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere, id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam): erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat, id. ib. 3, 5, 21: multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt, Cic. Lael. 16, 57: sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest, id. Brut. 48, 177: fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant, id. de Or. 3, 17, 62: nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc., id. Cat. 1, 12, 301: sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant, id. Lael. 20, 72: sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt, id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56: multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt, id. N. D. 2, 52, 130: sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc., id. Fin. 5, 14, 38: permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc., id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123: fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt, Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152: alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, Sall. C. 52, 21.
        2. b. With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem; sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18: sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent, id. Off. 1, 21, 71: de impudentiā singulari sunt qui mirentur, id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6: est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius, id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32: praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus, id. Ac. 2, 32, 101: quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc., id. Off. 1, 27, 94: sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc., Hor. S. 1, 2, 28: sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras, id. Ep. 1, 1, 78: vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere, id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.
          1. (β) With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject: sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc., Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31: rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent, id. Div. 1, 49, 111: quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat? id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196: solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat, id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98: quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent, id. Lael. 23, 86: erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret, id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.: quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc., id. Phil. 2, 25, 61: sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat, id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85: sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant, id. Off. 1, 2, 5: est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat, id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30: Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat, id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126: unus est qui curet constantiā magis quam consilio, id. Att. 1, 18, 7: si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat, id. Rep. 6, 26, 28: multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum, Sen. Ep. 24, 26: erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent, Caes. B. C. 2, 30: fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent, Sall. C. 36, 4: sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34: sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus, id. A. P. 347.
        3. * c. Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. ἔστιν οἷς): est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes, Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.
      2. 2. With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have (possess, = the Fr. ētre à used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23: nomen Mercurio’st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae, Cic. Brut. 10, 40: est igitur homini cum deo similitudo, id. Leg. 1, 8, 25: familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est, id. Att. 8. 3, 2: privatus illis census erat brevis, Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.: Trojae et huic loco nomen est, Liv. 1, 1, 5: Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae, Ter. Hec. prol. 1: cui saltationi Titius nomen esset, Cic. Brut. 62, 225: cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est, id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118: Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen, Liv. 25, 2, 6.
        With ellips. of dat. (poet.): nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei), nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167: neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo), has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.
        1. b. Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person: tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74: sibi cum illā mimā posthac nihil futurum, Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77: jussit bona proscribi ejus, quīcum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat, id. Quint. 6, 25: si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus, id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.
      3. 3. Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).
          1. (α) Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of: es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedoniā? do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21: ab Andriā est ancilla haec, Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17: erat enim ab isto Aristotele, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160: sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me, makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.).
          2. (β) Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for: (judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse, Cic. Clu. 32, 88.
          3. (γ) Esse ex aliquā re, to consist of, be made up of: (creticus) qui est ex longā et brevi et longā, Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.: duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus, id. Or. 63, 212: etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longā est, id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra).
      4. 4. Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead (poet.): horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium, i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92: nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim, id. Capt. 3, 3, 1: sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint, Tib. 3, 5, 32: fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum, Verg. A. 2, 325: certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit, Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.
      5. 5. Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.: quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est? Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17: sunt ista, Laeli, Cic. Lael. 2, 6: ista esse credere, id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18: est ut dicis, inquam, id. Fin. 3, 5, 19: sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant, Col. 3, 3, 13: esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.: verum esto, id. Fin. 2, 23, 75: esto, Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.
        Hence,
        1. b. The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.
          1. (α) Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.: sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32: si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde, id. Hec. 4, 1, 43: si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit, id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40: est, ut id maxime deceat, Cic. Or. 59, 199: quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret? id. Cael. 20, 48: non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc., id. Div 1, 56, 128: non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam, Lucr. 5, 979: futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi, Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2: est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis, id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.
            Cf. esse after a neg., with quin: numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus, Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.
            Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.: magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc., Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.: quid erat cur Milo optaret, id. ib. 13, 34: neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus, Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3.
          2. (β) Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes: erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo, Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26: est, ubi id isto modo valeat, Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.
          3. (γ) Est cum, sometimes: est cum non est satius, si, etc., Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.
          4. (δ) Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion: est quod visam domum, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26: etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem, I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2: est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc., Liv. 30, 31, 9: quod timeas non est, Ov. H. 19, 159: nil est illic quod moremur diutius, Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6: non est quod multa loquamur, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.
            Cf. with cur: non est cur eorum spes infragatur, Cic. Or. 2, 6: nihil est cur, id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.
            (ε) Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.): est quādam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32: Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42: nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat, Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413: neque est te fallere quicquam, Verg. G. 4, 447: unde Plus haurire est, Hor. S. 1, 2, 79: est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare, id. ib. 2, 5, 103: quod versu dicere non est, id. ib. 1, 5, 87: quod tangere non est, Ov. M. 3, 478: quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit, Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.: ut conjectare erat intentione vultus, Tac. A. 16, 34: est videre argentea vasa, id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.
            With dat.: ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire, Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32): tu procul a patriā (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides, Verg. E. 10, 46: fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae, Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.
            (ζ) In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. (impers. or with res, etc., as subj.): cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles, Liv. 2, 17, 5: si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur, id. 28, 22, 8: jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint, id. 8, 27, 3: cum res non in eo essent ut, etc., id. 33, 41, 9: non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc., id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41.
            With person. subj. (late Lat.): cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur, Hyg. Fab. 261.
      6. 6. Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.): ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse? Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54: nam numero mi in mentem fuit, id. Am. 1, 1, 26: ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit, Cic. Quint. 5, 22: portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis, id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33: ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus, id. Att. 15, 4, 2: qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt, id. Fam. 8, 8, 8: quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset, Liv. 2, 14, 4: nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse, Suet. Aug. 16: esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.: in eorum potestatem portum futurum, id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.
      7. 7. Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but class.): diem scito nullum esse, quo, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1.
  2. II. As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.
    1. A. In gen.
      1. 1. With an adj., subst., or pron.: et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi, Cic. Lael. 5, 17: quod in homine multo est evidentius, id. ib. 8, 27: sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore, id. ib. 4, 15: non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam, id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12: cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret, id. Lael. 7, 24: consul autem esse qui potui? etc., id. Rep. 1, 6, 10: nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati, are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27: pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes, Liv. 45, 49: nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum, Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20: sanguis erant lacrimae, Luc. 9, 811: ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus, Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49: tuos sum, id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19: is enim fueram, cui, etc., id. ib. 1, 4, 7.
      2. 2. Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin’ tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57: sic, inquit, est, Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60: est, inquit, ut dicis, id. ib. 1, 40, 63: quod ita cum sit, id. ib. 1, 45, 69: quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoriā, id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.: nec vero habere virtutem satis est, id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25: dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51: apud matrem recte est, Cic. Att. 1, 7: cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses, id. Deiot. 7, 19: omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram, id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11: dicta impune erant, Tac. A. 1, 72.
        Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliquā re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be: quod in maritimis facillime sum, Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2: locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum, id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.: in republicā ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur, Nep. Att. 6, 1: qui ejusdem civitatis fuit, id. Them. 9, 1: qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt, Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus; si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus, id. 7, 30, 9 sq.
      2. 2. With gen. or abl. denoting quality.
          1. (α) With gen.: nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor, Cic. Sest. 16, 36: disputatio non mediocris contentionis est, id. de Or. 1, 60, 257: magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit, id. Or. 21, 70: (virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur, id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36: Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, Sall. J. 95, 3: summi ut sint laboris, Caes. B. G. 4, 2: civitas magnae auctoritatis, id. ib. 5, 54: refer, Cujus fortunae (sit), Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54: se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum, Nep. Alcib. 8, 4: qui ejusdem aetatis fuit, id. ib. 11, 1: invicti ad laborem corporis erat, Liv. 9, 16: nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit, id. 21, 60: somni brevissimi erat, Suet. Claud. 33.
            So of extent, number, etc.: classis centum navium, Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5: annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum, Suet. Caes. 40.
          2. (β) With abl.: bono animo es, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4: jam aetate eā sum, ut, etc., id. Hec. 5, 1, 11: bellum variā victoriā fuit, Sall. J. 5, 1: L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo, id. C. 5, 1: Sulla animo ingenti, id. J. 95, 3: esse magnā gratiā, Caes. B. G. 1, 8: tenuissimā valetudine esse, id. ib. 5, 40: si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo, Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45: mirā sum alacritate ad litigandum, id. Att. 2, 7, 2: bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares, id. Fam. 6, 18, 1: ut bono essent animo, id. Rep. 1, 17, 29: ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri, id. ib. 1, 43, 67: qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis, id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20: abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra).
      3. 3. With gen. or abl. of price or value.
          1. (α) With gen.: pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem, Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8: videtur esse quantivis pretii, Ter. And. 5, 2, 15: a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito, id. Ad. 5, 9, 20: si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194: ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit, id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc., id. Par. 6, 2, 48: magni erunt mihi tuae litterae, id. Fam. 15, 15, 4: parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc., id. Off. 1, 22, 76: an emat denario quod sit mille denariūm, id. ib. 3, 23, 92: parvi pretii est quod nihili est, id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4: mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo, is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2: neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo, Sall. J. 85, 39: erat (agellus) centum milium nummūm, Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1.
          2. (β) With abl.: sextante sal et Romae et per totam Iialiam erat, was worth, stood at, Liv. 29, 37.
      4. 4. With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.
          1. (α) In gen.: audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc., who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12: ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent, Liv. 37, 55, 5: teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque, Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3: quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas, id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86: sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc., id. ib. 2, 81, 333: temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis, id. Sen. 6, 20: est adulescentis majores natu vereri, id. Off. 1, 34, 122: Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant, Liv. 8, 12, 13: tota tribuniciae potestatis erat, id. 3, 48: alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit, id. 22, 50: jam me Pompeii totum esse scis, Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2: hominum, non causarum, toti erant, Liv. 3, 36: plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse, were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14: Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant, id. 38, 3: Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat, id. 42, 29: est miserorum ut malevolentes sint, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51: quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur, Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86: negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc., id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66: non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum, id. Fam. 5, 16, 5: est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc., Caes. B. G. 4, 5.
            Rarely with pronom. posses.: est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur, Cic. Mur. 38, 83: fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere, id. Att. 12, 28, 2.
          2. (β) Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.: quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132: regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat, Sall. C. 6, 7: qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent, Liv. 3, 31, 7: ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse, id. 27, 9, 12: nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam, id. 38, 51, 8: frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse, id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.
      5. 5. With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.: vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere, Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48: etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato, Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20: ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo, Liv. 2, 9: magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc., id. 4, 21, 5: cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset, id. 31, 13: iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt, Cels. 4, 10 fin.
        Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay: tu nec solvendo eras, Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4: cum solvendo civitates non essent, id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).
      6. 6. With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.
          1. (α) Without second dat. of pers.: auxilio is fuit, Plaut. Am. prol. 94: magis curae’st, id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.: cui bono fuerit, Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35: eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem, Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam; tamen ero frugi bonae, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51: magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc., Cic. Sen. 21, 78: multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt, Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11: haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit, Liv. 4, 13: cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento, Quint. 7, 1, 2.
          2. (β) With second dat. of pers.: obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis, Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68: ne quid Captioni mihi sit, id. ib. 3, 3, 19: mihi cordi est, id. Cist. 1, 1, 110: ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris, id. As. 3, 2, 25: metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat, id. Mil. 2, 6, 12: nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest, id. Most. 2, 1, 4: bono usui estis nulli, id. Curc. 4, 2, 15: quae sint nobis morbo mortique, Lucr. 6, 1095: quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46: omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.: accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit, Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85: ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint, id. ib. 2, 3, 62, § 144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc., Liv. 35, 23, 1: sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc., id. 4, 7, 6: si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi, Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9: quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc., id. Pan. 25, 3: quantae sit mihi curae, id. Ep. 6, 8, 2: si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio, Quint. 6, 1, 12.
            Rarely with dat. gerund: nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit, Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).
      7. 7. Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for: vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam, Cato, R. R. 125: completae naves taedā et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia, Caes. B. C. 3, 101: valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.
      8. 8. Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing: sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur, Cic. Brut. 46, 172: quodsi in scenā, id est in contione verum valet, etc., id. Lael. 26, 97: meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo, id. Ac. 1, 2, 8: si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem, id. ib. 1, 2, 6: ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseriā, id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est πραγματικῇ, Quint. 3, 7, 1: cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero, id. 8, 3, 89.
      9. 9. Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically: esse dederat monumentum, Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: [?DW = KE CEINH+ION EI = NAI, ?] Hom. Il. 10, 269).

2. sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.

3. sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin.

sūmen, inis, n. [contr. from sugimen, sugmen, from sugo], a breast, of women (syn.: uber, mamma).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen.: manus lactanti in sumine sidat, Lucil. ap. Non. 458, 7.
    2. B. In partic., a sow’s udder, the paps of a sow (esteemed a delicacy by the Romans): pernam, abdomen, sumen, suis glandium, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 44; id. Ps. 1, 2, 33; id. Capt. 4, 3, 4; Plin. 11, 37, 84, § 211; Mart. 13, 44, 1.
      1. * 2. Meton., a sow, a hog, Juv. 12, 73.
  2. II. Transf., the fat part, the richest portion: (Caesar Vopiscus) campos Roseae Italiae dixit esse sumen, Varr R. R. 1, 7, 10; Plin. 17, 4, 3, § 32.

sūmĭnātus, a, um, adj. [sumen], of or belonging to a sow’s udder, that has the paps on (post-class.): caro, i. e. the paps or udder of a sow, Arn. 2, 73. sus, i. e. a sow, Lampr. Alex. Sev 22.

summa, ae, f. (sc. res; old gen. summai, Lucr. 1, 984; 6, 679) [summus, v. superus].

  1. I. Lit., that which is highest in any thing, the top, summit, surface (postAug. and very rare): testudines evectae in summā pelagi, Plin. 9, 10, 12, § 35 (cf. summus, I. s. v. superus).
  2. II. Transf., that which is most important or prominent in any thing, the main thing, chief point, principal matter; the sum, height, substance, summit, completion, perfection
    1. A. In gen.: leges a me edentur non perfectae … sed ipsae summae rerum atque sententiae, the main points, chief particulars, Cic. Leg. 2, 7, 18: cujus rei satis erit summam dixisse, id. Inv. 1, 20, 28: ex hac infinitā licentiā haec summa cogitur, ut, etc., id. Rep. 1, 43, 67: lectis rerum summis, Liv. 40, 29, 11: haec summa est, hic nostri nuntius esto, Verg. A. 4, 237: summa est, si curaveris, ut, etc., Cic. Fam. 13, 75, 2: in hoc summa judicii causaque tota consistit, id. Quint. 9, 32: eam ignominiam ad summam universi belli pertinere ratus, to the issue of the whole war, Liv. 32, 17, 3; cf.: haec belli summa nefandi, Verg. A. 12, 572: solus summam habet hic apud nos, the first place, pre-eminence, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 15: qui vobis summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, Cic. Cat. 4, 7, 15: summam alicui rei dare, perfection, culmination, Quint. 3, 2, 1: 5, 10, 72; 11, 2, 41; 12, 1, 20: remittendo de summā quisque juris. strict or extreme right, Liv. 4, 43, 11.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Of a reckoning of numbers, the amount, the sum, sum total, including each of the single items, as if counted: quid, tu, inquam, soles, cum rationem a dispensatore accipis, si aera singula probasti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 193, 11: addendo deducendoque videre, quae reliqui summa fiat, id. Off. 1, 18, 59: Py. Quanta istaec hominum summa est? Ar. Septem milia, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 46: equitum magno numero ex omni populi summa separato, Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 39: subducamus summam, id. Att. 5, 21, 11: summam facere, id. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 131.
      2. 2. Of money, a sum, amount.
          1. (α) With pecuniae: pecuniae summam quantam imperaverit, parum convenit, Liv. 30, 16, 12: pecuniae etiam par prope summa fuit, id. 33, 23, 9: summa pecuniae signatae fuit talentūm duo milia et sexcenta, Curt. 3, 13, 16: accessit ad hanc pecuniae summam sex milia talantum, id. 5, 6, 10: pecuniae summa homines movit, Liv. 22, 61, 1; 38, 11, 8; 40, 46, 16; 42, 62, 14; cf.: census equestrem Summam nummorum, Hor. A. P. 384: ob parvam pecuniae summam erogatam, Val. Max. 4, 8, 1.
          2. (β) Without pecuniae: de summā nihil decedet, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 30: hac summā redempti, Liv. 32, 17, 2; 22, 61, 2: Marcellus decem pondo auri et argenti ad summam sestertii decies in aerarium rettulit, id. 45, 4, 1: quācumque summā tradet luxuriae domum, Phaedr. 4, 4, 44; creditor totius summae, Quint. 5, 10, 117: actor summarum, Suet. Dom. 11.
      3. 3. Without reference to a count, the sum, the whole: de summā mali detrahere, Cic. Tusc. 3, 23, 55: summa cogitationum mearum omnium, id. Fam. 1, 9, 10: meorum maerorum atque amorum summam edictavi tibi, Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 2: ergo ex hac infinita licentiā haec summa cogitur, Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 67: proposita vitae ejus velut summa, Suet. Aug. 9: vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam, Hor. C. 1, 4, 15: summarum summa est aeterna, the sum of all sums, the sum of all things, i. e. the universe, Lucr. 5, 361; so, summa summarum, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 4; Sen. Ep. 40, 13; and: summa summaï, Lucr 6, 679.
      4. 4. Adverb.
          1. (α) Ad summam, on the whole, generally, in short, in a word: ille affirmabat … ad summam: non posse istaec sic abire, Cic. Att. 14, 1, 1; so, ad summam, id. ib. 7, 7, 7; id. Off. 1, 42, 149; id. Fam. 14, 14, 2; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106, Juv. 3, 79.
          2. (β) In summā, in all: Drusus erat de praevaricatione a tribunis aerariis absolutus, in summā quattuor sententiis, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 22, 6; 2, 11, 25: in omni summā, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 5
          3. (γ) In summā, at last, finally (post-Aug.): diu colluctatus est: in summā victus occumbit, Just. 13, 8, 8; 22, 1, 8; 37, 1, 8.
    3. C. Transf., the whole (opp. a part): magnam res diligentiam requirebat, non in summā exercitus tuenda, sed in singulis militibus conservandis, Caes. B. G. 6, 34; cf.: summa exercitus salva, the main body of the army, id. B. C. 1, 67: solet quaedam esse partium brevitas, quae longam tamen efficit summam, Quint. 4, 2, 41: quaedam partibus blandiuntur, sed in summam non consentiunt, id. 4, 2, 90.
      1. 2. That which relates to the whole, as opp. to a part; with gen., the general, supreme: (Remi dicebant) ad hunc (regem) totius belli summam omnium voluntate deferri, the command in chief, Caes. B. G. 2, 4: neque de summā belli suum judicium sed imperatoris esse, id. ib. 1, 41: cum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regem illum unum vocamus, authority over all affairs, the supreme power, Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 42: is, qui summam rerum administrabat, id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91: ad te summa solum, Phormio, rerum redit, Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 3: ad summam rerum consulere, for the general interest, Caes. B. C. 3, 51: ad discrimen summa rerum adducta, to a general engagement, Liv. 10, 27: discrimen summae rerum, id. 10, 14: quos penes summam consilii voluit esse, cum imperii summam rex teneret, the sole command, Cic. Rep. 2, 28, 51; cf.: qui vobis summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, id. Cat. 4, 7, 15: imperii, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; id. B. C. 3, 5: quod penes eos (Bituriges), si id oppidum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intellegebant, the whole credit of the victory, id. B. G. 7, 21; so, victoriae, id. B. C. 1, 82.
        Poet.: summa ducum, Atri des, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37.

* sum-maestus (subm-), a, um. adj., somewhat sorrowful, Amm. 30, 1, 2.

summālis, e, adj. [summa], containing a sum, whole (post-class.), Tert. adv. Herm. 31.
Hence, summālĭter, adv., wholly, perfectly, Primas. in Coloss. 1.

‡ Summānālĭa, ium, v. Summanus.

* sum-mānans (subm-), antis, Part. [mano], flowing beneath: aqua sub terrā, Vitr. 3, 1 med.

Summānes (Subm-), ĭum, m., a kind of inferior deities, Mart. Cap. 2, § 164.

summāno (subm-), āre, v. a. and n [sub-mano].

  1. I. Neutr., to glide or trickle under, Vitr. 8, 1, 2.
  2. II. Act., to wet somewhat: vestimenta mea, ubi obdormivi ebrius, Summano (with a play on the name Summanus, i. e. Pluto), Plaut. Curc. 3, 46 (v. the passage in connection).

Summānus (Subm-), i, m., a Roman deity to whom nocturnal lightnings were asscribed, but whose precise nature was unknown even to Ovid; acc. to Mart. Cap. i. q. Pluto, Ov. F. 6, 731; Mart. Cap. 2, § 161; Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 54; id. Curc. 3, 43; Liv. 32, 29; Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16; Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138; 29, 4, 14, § 57; Arn. 3, 44; 5, 37; 6, 3 Orell.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 4, 23; Inscr. Orell. 1466; v. Merkel ad Ov. F. p. ccviii.
Hence: Summanalia liba farinacea in modum rotae ficta, Fest. pp. 348 and 349 Müll. (offered in sacrifice to Summanus).

Summara, ae, f., a town in Ethiopia, Plin. 6, 30, 35, § 193.

‡ summārĭum, ĭi, n. [summa], a summary, epitome, abstract: oratio, quae nunc vulgo breviarium dicitur, olim, cum Latine loqueremur, summarium, vocabatur, Sen. Ep. 39, 1.

summas, ātis, comm. [summa], of high or noble birth, high-born, noble, eminent, distinguished (ante- and post-class.): vir, Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 90; id. Stich. 3, 2, 36; Amm. 14, 6, 12; Sid. Ep. 3, 11: matronae, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 27: dea, App. M. 11, p. 267, 38: virgo, id. ib. 4, p. 153, 9: puella, Sid. Ep. 9, 6.

summātim, adv. [summa], on the surface, on the outside, slightly.

  1. I. Lit. (post-Aug. and very rare): radicem summatim eradere, Col. 12, 48, 1: eruere radices, id. Arb. 6, 2: ablaqueare vitem, id. ib. 10, 5.
  2. II. Trop., slightly, summarily, cursorily, briefly, compendiously, etc. (class.): summatim rescribere paucis, Lucil. ap. Non. 296, 5: de re pecuariā breviter ac summatim percurram, Varr. R. R. 2, praef. § 7: aliquid summatim perscribere, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 1: aliquid cognoscere, id. Fam. 10, 28, 3: summatim breviterque componere, Suet. Tib. 61: summatim et uno tantummodo versiculo leviter attingit Vergilius, Col. 9, 2, 3: (animal) constitutionem suam crasse intellegit et summatim et obscure, Sen. Ep. 121, 12: aliquid attingere, Quint. 10, 1, 44: poëticam summatim attigit, slightly, Suet. Aug. 85; id. Tib. 61: summatim aestimandum judici, an bonā fide imploretur judicium, Dig 5, 3, 7 med.

* summātus, ūs, m. [summa], chief rule, supremacy, sovereignty, = principatus: imperium ac summatum petere, Lucr. 5, 1142.

summē, adv., v. superus fin.

* sum-mĕdĭus (subm-), a, um, adj., middle, mean positura, Diom. p. 432 P.

* sum-mējo (subm-), ĕre, v. a., to make water under a thing, se, Marc. Emp. 8, 5 med.

* summējŭlus (subm-), i, m. [summejo], one who makes water under himself, who wets his bed, Marc. Emp. 26 fin.

sum-mergo (subm-), si, sum, 3, v. a., to dip or plunge under, to sink, overwhelm, submerge, submerse.

  1. I. Lit. (class.; most freq. pass.): summersus equus voraginibus, Cic. Div. 1, 33, 73: genera summersarum beluarum, id. N. D. 2, 39, 100: salgama semper jure summersa, Col. 12, 4, 5: navis summersa, * Caes. B. C. 3, 39: ferrum summersum in undā, Ov M. 12, 279: ipsos potuit summergere ponto, Verg. A. 1, 40: quod (saxum) tumidis submersum tunditur olim Fluctibus, id. ib. 5, 125: aliquot procellis summersi paene sumus, Liv. 24, 8, 13: summersas obrue puppes, Verg. A. 1, 69: navem, Tac. A. 14, 5: omnes quondam terrae submersae profundo fuerunt, Just. 2, 1, 17.
  2. II. Trop. (post-class. and very rare): virtus summersa tenebris, Claud. lV. Cons. Hon. 221: publicatam summergere lectionem, to suppress, Arn. 3, 104.

summersĭo (subm-), ōnis, f. [summergo], a sinking, drowning, submersion (late Lat.), Arn. 5, 182; Firm. Math. 1, 2 fin.

summerso, āre, 1, v. freq. a. [summergo], to plunge repeatedly or thoroughly, Jul. Val. Rer. Gest. Alex. 3, 26.

1. summersus (subm-), a, um, Part. of summergo.

2. summersus (subm-), ūs, m. [summergo], a plunging under water, sinking (post-class.), Tert. Anim. 32 med.

* sum-mĕrus (subm-), a, um, adj., rather pure: vinum, Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 116.

sum-mī̆grātĭo (subm-), ōnis, f., an emigration (late Lat.): e patriā, Amm. 25, 9, 1.

* summĭnĭa (subm-), ae, f. [sub-minium], a kind of garment for women, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 50.

summĭnistrātĭo (subm-), ōnis, f. [sumministro], a giving, furnishing, supplying, subministration (post-class.): divina incorruptibilitatis, Tert. Apol. 48 fin.

summĭnistrātor (subm-), ōris, m. [sumministro], one who aids or assists; trop., an abettor, promoter (post- Aug.): libidinum testisque, Sen. Ep. 114, 23.

* summĭnistrātus (subm-), ūs, m. [sumministro], a furnishing, supplying: exiguus cibi, Macr. S. 7, 12, § 20.

sum-mĭnistro (subm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to aid by giving; to give, furnish, afford, supply (class.).

  1. I. Lit.: pecuniam alicui, Cic. Deiot. 9, 25: tela clam, id. Cael. 9, 20: tela ad manum, Quint. 5, 7, 8: tela agentibus, id. 12, 3, 4: lapides telaque, Caes. B. G. 3, 25: frumentum, id. ib. 1, 40: auxilia hostibus nostris, id. ib. 4, 20: sauciis ac defatigatis integros equites, Auct. B. Afr. 78: puteus, qui CCC. pondo argenti Hannibali sumministravit in dies, Plin. 33, 6, 31, § 97: aquam radicibus, Col. 5, 10: pabulum, id. 6, 3, 2: tabellarios, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 13, 4: cibum, Lact. 5, 14, 17.
  2. II. Trop.: Aristoteles huic arti plurima adjumenta atque ornamenta sumministravit, Cic. Inv. 1, 5, 7: occasiones alicui, Suet. Tib. 61: timores, Sen. Ep. 104, 10: materiam eloquentiae, Tac. Or. 37: tantum animorum viriumque patriae et penatium conspectus sumministrat, Just. 6, 7, 5: spem salutis licet tardam, App. M. 11 init.

summissē, adv., v. summitto, P. a. fin.

summissim (subm-), adv. [summissus], in a low voice, gently, softly (post-Aug. and very rare): fabulantes, Suet. Aug. 74: ridere (with sensim), Gell. 17, 8, 7.

summissĭo (subm-), ōnis, f. [summitto], a letting down, lowering, dropping, sinking (Ciceron.): ex contentione vocis et summissione, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 146: (iterationes) erunt ab hac summissione orationis alienae, id. Or. 25, 85: nec elatio nec summissio, i. e. depression, id. Top. 18, 71.

1. summissus (subm-), a, um, Part. and P. a. of summitto.

2. summissus (subm-), ūs, m. [summitto], a sending to or in, introduction: ex summissu erroris ulciscitur, Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 16 med.

summĭtas, ātis, f. [summus], the highest part, height, top, summit (post-class.): placidioribus locis septem pedibus summitas vitis insurgit, Pall. 1, 6, 10; Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 6 med.: terrae, Censor. de Die Nat. 13: deum summitatem omnium summorum obtinentem, Arn. 1, 13; App. Dogm. Plat. 2, p. 15, 7; Amm. 15, 10, 6 (not Plin. 37, 9, 37, § 118, where Jan. reads imitata).

sum-mitto (subm-), mīsi, missum, 3, v. a.

  1. I. With the force of sub predominating (mostly poet. and in post- Aug. prose; cf. subicio).
      1. 1. In gen.
        1. a. To set, put, or place under or below: singuli agni binis nutricibus submittuntur: nec quicquam subtrahi submissis expedit, Col. 7, 4, 3: vaccas tauris (for breeding), Pall. Jul. 4: vaccas in feturam, id. ib. 4, 1: equas alternis annis, id. Mart. 13, 6: canterium vitibus, Col. 4, 14, 1.
        2. b. To send or put forth below, or from below, to cause to spring forth, to send up, produce, raise: tellus submittit flores, puls forth, produces, Lucr. 1, 8: fetus (tellus), id. 1, 193: pabula pascendis equis (tellus), Luc. 4, 411: quo colores (humus formosa), Prop. 1, 2, 9; cf. poet.: non monstrum summisere Colchi Majus, did not produce (from the sowing of the dragon’s teeth), Hor. C. 4, 4, 63: summissas tendunt alta ad Capitolia dextras, upraised, Sil. 12, 640; so, palmas, id. 4, 411: manus, Sen. Oedip. 226; cf. in a Gr. construction: summissi palmas, Sil. 1, 673.
      2. 2. In partic., an econom. t. t., of animals or plants, to bring up, rear, raise; to let grow, not kill or cut off (cf. alo): arictes, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 18; 2, 3, 4; 2, 3, 8: tauros, Verg. E. 1, 46: pullos equorum, id. G. 3, 73: vitulos, id. ib. 3, 159; Col. 7, 9, 4; Dig. 7, 1, 70: materiam vitis constituendae causā, Col. Arb. 5, 1: frutices in semen, id. ib. 11, 3, 36; 4, 31, 2; 4, 14, 3; 3, 10, 15: prata in faenum, to let grow for hay, Cato, R. R. 8, 1; Varr. R. R. 1, 49, 1; Col. 11, 2, 27.
      3. 3. Trop.
          1. (α) To put in the place of, substitute for, supersede (rare): huic vos non summittetis? hunc diutius manere patiemini? Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 8: interim tamen, quamdiu summittantur et suppleantur capita quae demortua sunt, Dig. 7, 1, 70, § 1: necesse habebit alios fetus summittere, ib. 7, 1, 70, §§ 2 and 5.
          2. (β) To cherish, court: aetatem omnem in stipite conteres submittendo, Amm. 14, 6, 13.
    1. B. To let down, lower, sink, drop, = demittere (class. and freq., esp. in the trop. sense).
      1. 1. Lit.: se ad pedes, Liv. 45, 7: se patri ad genua, Suet. Tib. 20: latus in herbā, Ov. M. 3, 23: caput in herbā, id. ib. 3, 502; cf. verticem, id. ib. 8, 638: genu, id. ib. 4, 340; Plin. 8, 1, 1, § 3; cf.: poplitem in terrā, Ov. M. 7, 191: aures (opp. surrigere), Plin. 10, 48, 67, § 132: oculos, Ov. F. 3, 372: faciem, Suet. Calig. 36; cf. id. Aug. 79: fasces, Plin. 7, 30, 31, § 112; cf. Cic. Brut. 6, 22: capillum, to let grow, Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 14; Sen. Cons. ad Pol. 36, 5: crinem barbamque, Tac. G. 31; Suet. Caes. 67; id. Aug. 23; id. Calig. 47.
        Mid.: Tiberis aestate summittitur, sinks, falls, Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 12.
      2. 2. Trop., to lower, let down, make lower, reduce, moderate, etc.: ut ii, qui superiores sunt, summittere se debent in amicitiā: sic quodammodo inferiores extollere, condescend, Cic. Lael. 20, 72: tributim summisi me et supplicavi, id. Planc. 10, 24: summittere se in humilitatem causam dicentium, Liv. 38, 52, 2: summittere se in privatum fastigium, id. 27, 31, 6: ut in actoribus Graecis fieri videmus, saepe illum, qui est secundarum aut tertiarum partium, cum possit aliquanto clarius dicere, quam ipse primarium, multum summittere, ut ille princeps quam maxime excellat, to moderate his efforts, restrain himself, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 48: inceptum frustra submitte furorem, Verg. A. 12, 832: orationem tam summittere quam attollere decet, to sink, i. e. speak in a plain style, Plin. Ep. 3, 13, 4: ut illud lene aut ascendit ad fortiora aut ad tenuiora summittitur, Quint. 12, 10, 67; cf.: quando attollenda vel summittenda sit vox, id. 1, 8, 1: (soni) cum intentione summittendā sunt temperandi, id. 11, 3, 42: (praeceptorem) summittentem se ad mensuram discentis, accommodating his instructions to the capacity, etc., id. 2, 3, 7: ad calamitates animos, to submit, bow, Liv. 23, 25: animum periculo, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 3, 3: animos amori, to surrender, Verg. A. 4, 414: se temporibus, Sen. Tranq. An. 4, 1: verba summittere, to speak humbly, id. Ep. 11, 7; id. Vit. Beat. 17, 1: alicui se, to yield precedence, Just. 13, 2, 3: se culpae, i. e. to commit, Ov. H. 4, 151: furorem, to put down, quell, Verg. A. 12, 832: neque enim pudor sed aemuli pretia submittunt, Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 21: proinde ne submiseris te, be not disheartened, Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6.
        With dat.: nimis videtur submisisse temporibus se Athenodorus, yielded, Sen. Tranq. An. 4, 1: neutri fortunae se submittere, id. Ep. 66, 6: animum saevienti fortunae, Tac. A. 2, 72: ut ei aliquis se submitteret, accept his sovereignty, Just. 13, 2, 3.
  2. II. The signif. of the verb predominating, to send or despatch secretly, provide secretly: summittebat iste Timarchidem, qui moneret eos, si, etc., secretly despatched, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 28, § 69.
    Absol.: iste ad pupillae matrem summittebat, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 105: summissis consularibus viris, qui peierarent, suborned, Suet. Ner. 28 init.
    1. B. In gen., to send, send off, despatch, supply (class.): summittit cohortes equitibus praesidio, Caes. B. G. 5, 58: subsidium alicui, id. ib. 2, 6; so, subsidium, id. ib. 2, 25; 4, 26; id. B. C. 1, 43: auxilium laborantibus, id. ib. 7, 85: quoad exercitus huc summittatis, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 6; Juv. 1, 36: sibi destinatum in animo esse, imperium alicui, to transfer, resign, Liv. 6, 6, 7: vinea summittit capreas non semper edules, furnishes, supplies, Hor. S. 2, 4, 43.
      Hence, summissus (subm-), a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B.).
    1. A. Lit., let down, lowered, low (very rare): scutis super capita densatis, stantibus primis, secundis submissioribus, stooping lower, Liv. 44, 9, 6: Caelicolae Summisso humiles intrarunt vertice postes, Ov. M. 8, 638: bracchia, id. P. 3, 1, 150; Col. 6, 30, 5: capillo summissiore, hanging lower down, Suet. Tib. 68: purpura, Quint. 11, 3, 159: oculi, Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 145.
    2. B. Trop. (class. and freq.).
      1. 1. Of the voice or of speech in gen., low, soft, gentle, calm, not vehement (syn.: lenis, suppressus): et contentā voce atrociter dicere et summissa leniter, Cic. Or. 17, 56: vox (with lenis), Quint. 11, 3, 63; Ov. M. 7, 90 al.: murmur, Quint. 11, 3, 45: oratio placida, summissa, lenis, Cic. de Or. 2, 43, 183; so, oratio, Caes. B. C. 3, 19; Quint. 11, 1, 9.
        Comp.: lenior atque summissior oratio, Quint. 11, 1, 64: (sermo) miscens elata summissis, id. 11, 3, 43: actio, id. 7, 4, 27.
        Transf., of an orator: forma summissi oratoris, Cic. Or. 26, 90; so (with humilis) id. ib. 23, 76: in prooemiis plerumque summissi, Quint. 9, 4, 138.
      2. 2. Of character or disposition.
        1. a. In a bad sense, low, mean, grovelling, abject (syn. abjectus): videndum est, ne quid humile, summissum, molle, effeminatum, fractum abjectumque faciamus, Cic. Tusc. 4, 30, 64: vivere neque summissum et abjectum, neque se efferentem, id. Off. 1, 34, 124: adulatio, Quint. 11, 1, 30.
        2. b. In a good sense, humble, submissive (syn.: humilis, supplex): submissi petimus terram, Verg. A. 3, 93: causae reorum, Quint. 11, 3, 154: civitates calamitate summissiores, Hirt. B. G. 8, 31, 2: preces, Luc. 8, 594; cf.: summissa precatur, Val. Fl. 7, 476: tristem viro summissus honorem Largitur vitae, yielding, overcome, Stat. Th. 1, 662.
          The sup. seems not to occur.
          Hence, subst.: summissa, ōrum, n. (acc. to I. A. 3. supra), substitutes (sc. capita), Dig. 7, 1, 70, § 5.
      3. 2. (Sc. verba.) Calm passages, quiet sayings: summissa, qualia in epilogis sunt, Quint. 9, 4, 137.
        Adv.: sum-missē (subm-).
      1. 1. Of speech, softly, gently, calmly, not loudly or harshly: dicere, Cic. de Or. 2, 53, 215.
        Comp., Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 212 (opp. contentius): sciscitari, Petr. 105 fin.
      2. 2. Of character, calmly, quietly, modestly, humbly, submissively: alicui summisse supplicare, Cic. Planc. 5, 12: scribere alicui, Tac. H. 3, 9 fin.: loqui (opp. aspere), Quint. 6, 5, 5: agere (opp. minanter), Ov. A. A. 3, 582.
        Comp.: summissius se gerere, Cic. Off. 1, 26, 90: dolere, Claud. B. Gild. 247.
        No sup.

Summoenĭum (Subm-), ii, n. [submoenia], a place in Rome, probably near the walls, the resort of vile characters, Mart. 1, 35, 6.
Hence, Summoenĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Summœnium: uxores, Mart. 3, 82, 2; cf. buccae, id. 11, 61, 2.

summŏlestē (subm-), adv., v. summolestus.

sum-mŏlestus (subm-), a, um, adj., somewhat troublesome or vexatious (very rare): illud est mihi submolestum, quod, etc., Cic. Att. 16, 4, 4.
Adv.: summŏle-stē, with some vexation: aliquid ferre, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 1.

sum-mŏnĕo (subm-), ŭi, 2, v. n., to remind privily, give a hint (very rare): summonuit me Parmeno, quod, etc., Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 22: patres salutavit nominatim singulos, nullo summonente, Suet. Aug. 53.

* sum-monstro (subm-), āre, v. a., to show privately: responsa, Arn. 3, 143 (al. subministrat).

summŏpĕre, v. summus, under superus.

* sum-mōrōsus (subm-), a, um, adj., somewhat peerish or morose: me illa valde movent stomachosa et quasi summorosa ridicula, Cic. de Or. 2, 69, 279.

* summō-tĕnus, adv., up to the top: summotenus florescentibus floribus, App. Herb. 75.

* summōtor (subm-), ōris, m. [summoveo], one who puts aside or removes (in order to make room), a clearer of a space: summotor aditūs, praeco, accensus, i. e. the lictor, Liv. 45, 29, 2.

summōtus (subm-), a, um, Part. of summoveo.

sum-mŏvĕo (subm-), mōvi, mōtum, 2 (sync. form of the pluperf. subj. summosses, Hor. S. 1, 9, 48), v. a., to send or drive off or away, to remove (freq. and class.; cf.: repello, amolior).

  1. I. Lit.
    1. A. In gen.: hostes a portā, Caes. B. G. 7, 50: hostes ex muro ac turribus, id. B. C. 2, 11: hostes ex agro Romano trans Anienem, Liv. 4, 17, 11: hostium lembos statione, id. 45, 10, 2: recusantes advocatos, Cic. Quint. 8, 31: quam (Academiam) summovere non audeo, id. Leg. 1, 13, 39: summotā contione, id. Fl. 7, 15; cf.: summoto populo, Liv. 26, 38, 8: submotis velut in aliam insulam hostibus, Tac. Agr. 23: maris litora, to remove, extend (by moles), Hor. C. 2, 18, 21: informes hiemes, id. ib. 2, 10, 17: regnum ipsum, Plin. Pan. 55, 7: piratas mari, Flor. 4, 6: ut legati juberentur, summoto eo (Caesare) milites alloqui, Vell. 2, 62, 5.
      Poet.: hic spelunca fuit vasto submota reccssu (sc. ex oculis), Verg. A. 8, 193.
      Of things: ubi Alpes Germaniam ab Italiā summovent, separate, Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 132: silva Phoebeos summovet ictus, wards off, Ov. M. 5, 389.
    2. B. In partic.
      1. 1. Of a lictor, to clear away, remove people standing in the way, to make room: i, lictor, summove turbam, Liv. 3, 48, 3; 2, 56, 10; 4, 50, 5; 25, 3, 16; 45, 7, 4: nemo submovebatur, Plin. Pan. 76, 8.
        Impers. pass.: cui summovetur, Sen. Ep. 94, 60: sederunt in tribunali, lictor apparuit, summoto incesserunt, after room had been made, Liv. 28, 27, 15: incedit (bos) submoto, Plin. 8, 46, 71, § 185: summoto aditus, access after the lictors had made room, id. 45, 29, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.; 45, 7, 4; Inscr. Fratr. Arv. ap. Marin. 25; 32; 35.
        1. b. Transf., to remove, dispel, etc.: non gazae neque consularis Summovet lictor miseros tumultus Mentis et curas, Hor. C. 2, 16, 10; cf.: submove vitia, Sen. Ep. 94, 60.
      2. 2. In econom. lang., to clear off, sell off stock: oves, Col. 7, 3, 14: agnos, id. 7, 4, 3.
  2. II. Trop., to put or keep away, to withdraw, withhold, remove (syn. sepono): aliquem a re publicā, from civil affairs, Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 11, 1, 85: aliquem administratione reipublicae, Suet. Caes. 16; cf. id. ib. 28: reges a bello, Liv. 45, 23: sermonem a prooemio, Quint. 4, 1, 63: magnitudine poenae maleficio summoveri, Cic. Rosc. Am. 25, 70: summotus pudor, Hor. Epod. 11, 18: scrupulum, Col. 4, 29, 3: summovendum est utrumque ambitionis genus, Quint. 12, 7, 6: hiemem tecto, Luc. 2, 385.
    1. B. Esp., to banish: ad Histrum, Ov. P. 3, 4, 91: patriā, id. ib. 4, 16, 47: aliquem urbe et Italiā, Suet. Aug. 45 fin.: summotum defendis amicum, Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 41.

summŭla, ae, f. dim. [summa], a small sum: summulas minutas distribuit servis, Sen. Ep. 77, 8; App. M. 11, p. 271, 32; Prud. στεφ. 2, 131.

sum-multĭplex (subm-), plĭcis, adj., contained many times in another number, Boëth. Inst. Arithm. 1, 22.

sum-murmŭro (subm-), āvi, 1, v. a., to murmur a little or in secrēt (late Lat.), Aug. Conf. 6, 9; 8, 11.

summus, a, um, adj., v. superus.

summussi = murmuratores (murmurers). Naevius: odi, inquit, summussos; proinde aperte dice, quid sit, Fest. pp. 298 and 299 Müll. (Trag. Rel. p. 12 Rib.) [submusso].

* sum-mūto (subm-), āre, v. a., to change, interchange, substitute one thing for another: hanc ὑπαλλαγὴν rhetores, quia quasi summutantur verba pro verbis, μετωνυμίαν grammatici vocant, quod nomina transferuntur, Cic. Or. 27, 93.

sūmo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3 (sync. form of the inf. perf. sumpse, Naev. ap. Gell. 2, 19, 6 (Com. Rel. v. 97 Rib.; suremit for sumpsit, surempsit for sumpserit, Paul. Diac. 299, 2; Fest. 298, 9), v. a. [contr. for subimo, from sub-emo], to take, take up, lay hold of, assume (syn. capio).

  1. I. In gen.: auferere, non abibis, si ego fustem sumpsero, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 202: laciniam, id. Merc. 1, 2, 16: si hoc digitulis duobus sumebas primoribus, id. Bacch. 4, 4, 24: si mutuas non potero, certum’st sumam foenore, id. As. 1, 3, 95: postremo a me argentum quanti est sumito, Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 20: locum ( = capere), Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 9: legem in manus, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15: unum quodque vas in manus, id. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63: Epicurum et Metrodorum non fere praeter suos quisquam in manus sumit, id. Tusc. 2, 3, 8: orationes in manus, Quint. 10, 1, 22: litteras ad te a M. Lepido consule quasi commendaticias sumpsimus, have taken, provided ourselves with, Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3: spatium ad vehicula comportanda, Liv. 2, 4: spatium ad colloquendum, id. 8, 18: ferrum ad aliquem interficiendum, id. 40, 11, 10: Tusculi ante quam Romae sumpta sunt arma, id. 3, 19, 8: pro conjuge ferrum, Ov. H. 15 (16), 371: arma, Quint. 5, 10, 71: sume venenum, id. 8, 5, 23; Nep. Them. 10, 3; id. Hann. 12, 5: partem Falerni, Hor. C. 1, 27, 9: cyathos, id. ib. 3, 8, 13: panem perfusam aquā frigidā, Suet. Aug. 77: potiunculam, id. Dom. 21: antidotum, id. Calig. 23: pomum de lance, Ov. P. 3, 5, 20: cibum, Nep. Att. 21; Petr. 111: soporem, Nep. Dion, 2, 5: sumptā virili togā, put on, Cic. Lael. 1, 1: virilem togam, Suet. Aug. 8; 94 med.; id. Tib. 7; id. Galb. 4; Val. Max. 5, 4, 4: calceos et vestimenta, Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18: regium ornatum, Nep. Eum. 13, 3: latum clavum (opp. deponere bracas), Poët. ap. Suet. Caes. 80: diadema, Suet. Calig. 22: annulos ferreos (opp. deponere), id. Aug. 100: gausapa, Ov. A. A. 2, 300: alas pedibus virgamque manu tegumenque capillis, id. M. 1, 672: perventum est eo, quo sumpta navis est, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89: pecuniam mutuam, id. Fl. 20, 46; Sall. C. 24, 2: aurum mutuum, Suet. Caes. 51.
    Of time: diem ad deliberandum, Caes. B. G. 1, 7: tempus cibi quietisque, Liv. 32, 11.
    1. B. Trop.
      1. 1. In gen.: calorem animo, Lucr. 3, 288: obsequium animo, i. e. animo obsequi, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 10, 8: Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut, etc., assumed, Caes. B. G. 1, 33; cf.: sumpsi animum, I took courage, Ov. F. 1, 147: animos serpentis, id. M. 3, 545: vigorem, id. P. 3, 4, 31: cum spiritus plebs sumpsisset, Liv. 4, 54, 8: certamine animi adversus eum sumpto, id. 37, 10, 2: exempla, Cic. Lael. 11, 38: sumptis inimicitiis, susceptā causā, etc., taken upon one’s self, assumed, id. Vatin. 11, 28: omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere, to be undertaken, entered upon, begun, Sall. J. 83, 1; so, bellum cum aliquo, Liv. 1, 42, 2; 36, 2, 3.
      2. 2. Esp.: supplicium sumere, to exact satisfaction, inflict punishment, rarely absol.: supplici sibi sumat, quod volt ipse, ob hanc injuriam, Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 31: satis sumpsimus jam supplici, id. Pers. 5, 2, 72: graviore sententiā pronuntiatā more majorum supplicium sumpsit, Caes. B. G. 6, 44.
        Usu. de aliquo: potuisse hunc de illā supplicium sumere, Cic. Inv. 2, 27, 82: tum homo nefarius de homine nobili virgis supplicium crudelissime sumeret, id. Verr. 2, 2, 37, § 91: supplicium de matre sumpsisse, Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 66; Liv. 39, 29; cf. supplicium.
        Rarely ex aliquo, Liv. 23, 3, 1.
        Post-class. also ab aliquo, Val. Max. 4, 1, ext. 1; 5, 1, ext. 2.
        Rarely poenam sumere ( = capere): pro maleficio poenam sumi oportere, Cic. Inv. 2, 36, 108: merentis poenas, Verg. A. 2, 586: poenam scelerato ex sanguine, id. ib. 12, 949; cf. id. ib. 6, 501.
  2. II. In partic.
    1. A. To take (by choice), to choose, select: philosophiae studium, Cic. Ac. 1, 2, 8: hoc sumo ( = suscipio), hoc mihi deposco, id. Verr. 1, 12, 36: nos Capuam sumpsimus, id. Fam. 16, 11, 3: sumat aliquem ex populo monitorem officii sui, Sall. J. 85, 10: enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar quam genuisse, i. e. to have adopted, id. ib. 10, 8: sumite materiam vestris, qui scribitis, aequam Viribus, Hor. A. P. 38: quis te mala sumere cogit? Aut quis deceptum ponere sumpta velit? Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 69 sq.: disceptatorem, Liv. 1, 50: quod tres patricios magistratus nobilitas sibi sumpsisset, id. 7, 1: Miltiadem sibi imperatorem, Nep. Milt. 1, 3.
      Poet., with inf.: quem virum aut heroa lyrā vel acri Tibiā sumis celebrare, Clio? Hor. C. 1, 12, 2: quis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit? id. Ep. 1, 3, 7.
    2. B. To take as one’s own, to assume, claim, arrogate, appropriate to one’s self (syn.: ascisco, assumo, arrogo): quamquam mihi non sumo tantum neque arrogo, ut, etc., Cic. Planc. 1, 3: sed mihi non sumo, ut meum consilium valere debuerit, id. Att. 8, 11 D, § 6: sumpsi hoc mihi pro tuā in me observantiā, ut, etc., id. Fam. 13, 50, 1: tantum tibi sumito pro Capitone apud Caesarem, quantum, etc., id. ib. 13, 29, 6: sibi imperatorias partes, Caes. B. C. 3, 51: nec sumit aut ponit secures Arbitrio popularis aurae, Hor. C. 3, 2, 19: vultus modo sumit acerbos, Ov. Tr. 5, 8, 17: mores antiquos, Liv. 3, 68: proelio sumpta Thessalia est, conquered, Flor. 4, 2, 43.
    3. C. To take, get, acquire, receive: distat sumasne pudenter an rapias, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 44: laudemque a crimine sumit, Ov. M. 6, 474: sumpto rigore, id. ib. 10, 139: vel tua me Sestus vel te mea sumit Abydos, id. H. 17 (18), 127.
    4. D. To take for some purpose, i. e. to use, apply, employ, spend, consume (syn. insumo): in malā uxore atque inimico si quid sumas, sumptus est: In bono hospite atque amico quaestus est, quod sumitur, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 79 sq.: minus hercle in hisce rebus sumptum est sex minis, id. Trin. 2, 4, 9 and 12: frustra operam, opinor, sumo, Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 15: frustra laborem, Caes. B. G. 3, 14: cui rei opus est, ei hilarem hunc sumamus diem, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 68: videtis hos quasi sumptos dies ad labefactandam illius dignitatem, Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 44: sumpseris tibi familiaritatem nostram ad ornamentum, Plin. Ep. 6, 18, 2.
      Poet.: curis sumptus, consumed, worn out, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. Fr. Inc. 8 Rib.).
    5. E. To undertake, begin, enter upon: bellum, Liv. 1, 42; Flor. 4, 12, 24: bellis ponendis sumendisque, Liv. 8, 4: haec maxime belli ratio sumendi fuerat, id. 38, 19: duellum cum aliquo, id. 36, 2: proelia, Suet. Caes. 60; Tac. H. 2, 45: in hos expeditionem, Flor. 4, 12, 6: non mandata expeditio, sed sumpta est, id. 4, 12, 48.
      Poet.: prima fide vocisque ratae temptamina sumpsit Liriope, Ov. M. 3, 341.
  3. F. In an oration, disputation, etc.
      1. 1. To take for certain or for granted, to assume, maintain, suppose, affirm: alterutrum fatearis enim sumasque necesse’st, Lucr. 1, 974: nec solum ea sumitis ad concludendum, quae ab omnibus concedantur, sed ea sumitis, quibus concessis, etc., Cic. Div. 2, 50, 104: aliquid pro certo, id. ib.
        With inf.-clause: beatos esse deos sumpsisti, Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 89: pro non dubio legati sumebant, quae Antiochi fuerunt, Eumenem aequius esse quam me habere, Liv. 39, 28, 5.
      2. 2. To make, take a beginning, etc. (late Lat.): ab uno signo sumamus exordium, Macr. Somn. Scip. 18: ab illā quaestione principium sumere, Lact. 1, 2: quin fictio a capite sumat exordium, id. Opif. Dei, 12, 7.
      3. 3. To take, bring forward, cite, mention as a proof, an instance, etc. (cf. profero): homines notos sumere odiosum est, Cic. Rosc. Am. 16, 47: unum hoc sumo, id. ib. 34, 97: sumam annum tertium, id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 104: ex istis tuis sumam aliquem, id. Cael. 15, 36: quid quisquam potest ex omni memoriā sumere illustrius? id. Sest. 12, 27: ab oratore aut poëtā probato sumptum ponere exemplum, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 1.
  4. G. To take as a purchase, to buy, purchase: quanti ego genus omnino signorum non aestimo, tanti ista quattuor aut quinque sumpsisti, Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 2: decumas agri Leontini, id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149: quae parvo sumi nequeunt, obsonia captas, Hor. S. 2, 7, 106.
  5. H. Aliquam, to use, enjoy, etc., in mal. part., Mart. 10, 81, 2: mille licet sumant, Ov. A. A. 3, 90; Auct. Priap. 5; cf. gaudia, Nemes. Ecl. 4, 59: aliquid, Petr. 100.
  6. K. To take, fascinate, charm: simul conspexerit juvenem, venustate ejus sumitur, App. M. 2, p. 116, 40.

sumpsĭo, ōnis, v. sumptio.

* sumptĭ-făcĭo, fēci, 3, v. a. [2. sumptus], to lay out, spend, expend: restim, Plaut. Cas. 2, 7, 2.

sumptio (collat. form sumpsio, Cato, R. R. 145, 2), ōnis, f. [sumo], a taking.

  1. I. Lit., Vitr. 1, 2, 2.
  2. II. Trop., in logic, a premise taken for granted, an assumption: demus tibi istas duas sumptiones, ea quae λήμματα appellant dialectici; sed nos Latine loqui malumus, Cic. Div. 2, 53, 108.

* sumptĭto, āvi, 1, v. freq. a. [sumo], to take much of or in strong doses: saepius helleborum, Plin. 25, 5, 21, § 51.

sumptŭārĭus, a, um, adj. [2. sumptus], of or relating to expense, sumptuary: rationes nostrae, Cic. Att. 13, 47, 1: lex, id. ib. 13, 7, 1; cf. id. Fam. 7, 26, 2; Suet. Caes. 43; id. Aug. 34; Gell. 2, 24.

sumptŭātus, a, um, Part., well furnished (late Lat.); cf. Jul. Val. Rer. Gest. Alex. M. 2, 18.

sumptŭōsē, adv., v. sumptuosus fin.

* sumptŭōsĭtas, ātis, f. [sumptuosus], great expense, costliness, expensiveness, Sid. Ep. 9, 6.

sumptŭōsus, a, um, adj. [2. sumptus], very expensive or costly.

  1. I. Of things, that costs much, dear, expensive, sumptuous: ager, Cato, R. R. 1, 6: cenae, Cic. Fam. 9, 23 fin.: hostia, Hor. C. 3, 23, 18: bellum, Liv. 45, 3: tutela, Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4: dignitas, id. ib. 2, 4, 3: substructiones, id. ib.
    Comp.: ludi sumptuosiores, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 6: cicercula, Col. 7, 3, 22.
    Sup.: portum operis sumptuosissimi fecit, Suet. Ner. 9 fin.
  2. II. Of persons, spending much, lavish, wasteful, extravagant, Plaut. Merc. 4, 2, 2: mulier, Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 15: domus, id. Ad. 4, 7, 42: aliquis, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 3: homo, Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 135; id. Par. 6, 3, 49; Quint. 5, 10, 48: in libidines, Suet. Caes. 50: non ego sumptuosus sum, sed urbs ipsa magnas impensas exigit, Sen. Ep. 50, 3.
    Adv.: sumptŭōsē, expensively, sumptuously: convivia lauta sumptuose facere, Cat. 47, 5; Suet. Claud. 16 fin.
    Comp., Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 6: se sumptuosius jactare, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20: equos et canes emere sumptuosius, id. ib. 10, 39 (48), 2; Plin. Ep. 9, 12.

1. sumptus, a, um, Part. of sumo.

2. sumptus,, ūs (gen. sumpti, Cato, R. R. 22, 3; Lucil., Turp., Caecil., and Varr. ap. Non. 484, 30 sq.; Turp. ib. 132, 16; Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 21; id. Cas. 2, 7, 2), m. [sumo, II. D.], expense, cost, charge (class.; used alike in sing. and plur.; cf. impendium): at tibi tanto sumptui esse mihi molestum’st, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 78: quor tu his rebus sumptum suggeris, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 37; 3, 3, 16; 5, 3, 21: sine sumptu tuo, id. Eun. 5, 8, 46: perpetuos sumptus suppeditare, nec solum necessarios, sed etiam liberales, Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42: illud te rogo, sumptu ne parcas, id. Fam. 16, 4, 2: extra modum sumptu et magnificentiā prodire, id. Off. 1, 39, 140; cf.: sumptus epularum, id. Tusc. 5, 34, 97: quid sumptūs in eam rem aut laboris insumpserit, id. Inv. 2, 38, 113: ad incertum casum et eventum certus quotannis labor et certus sumptus impenditur, id. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227: sumptum in rem militarem facere, id. Fam. 12, 30, 4: omnino nullus in imperio meo sumptus factus est, id. Att. 6, 2, 4: nulli sumptūs, nulla jactura, id. Cael. 16, 38; cf. id. Att. 5, 21, 5: adventus noster nemini ne minimo quidem fuit sumptui, id. ib. 5, 14, 2: sumptum nusquam melius posse poni, id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 3: exiguus sumptus aedilitatis fuit, id. Off. 2, 17, 59: quaestores sumptum, quem oportebat dari, non dederunt, id. Inv. 2, 29, 87: si qui suo sumptu functus esset officio, id. Fam. 3, 8, 3: magnum numerum equitatūs suo sumptu alere, Caes. B. G. 1, 18: publico sumptu, Liv. 40, 38, 6: oppida publico Sumptu decorare, Hor. C. 2, 15, 19: quom tolerare hujus sumptus non queat, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 33: ubi videbit tantos sibi sumptus domi Cottidianos fieri, id. ib. 5, 4, 5; 5, 1, 57: unde in eos sumptus pecunia erogaretur, Liv. 1, 20, 5: in his immanibus jacturis infinitisque sumptibus, Cic. Off. 2, 16, 56: minuendi sunt sumptus, id. Leg. 2, 23, 59: sumptus, quos in cultum praetorum socii facere soliti erant, circumcisi aut sublati, Liv. 32, 27, 4: servi qui opere rustico Faciundo facile sumptum exercerent suum, could pay their expenses, i. e. the cost of keeping them, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 91: non amplius in singulas cenas sumptus esse facturos, Gell. 2, 24, 2: cenarum, id. 2, 24, 12; 2, 24, 15.

sumtĭfăcĭo, sumtĭo, etc., v. sumpt-.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages: super inferque vicinus, Cato, R. R. 149, 1: totus super ignis, Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superūm, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

  1. I. Posit.
    1. A. Adj.
      1. 1. In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.: at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36: omnes di deaeque superi, inferi, Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6: ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse, Cic. Lael. 3, 12: limen superum inferumque salve, Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1: portae Phrygiae limen, id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.): carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138: di, id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18: superis deorum Gratus et imis, id. ib. 1, 10, 19: ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64: spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium, id. N. D. 2, 56, 140: omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes, Verg. A. 6, 788: supera ad convexa, to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.): lumen, Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48: domus deorum, Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44; so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum, Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.
        Adverb.: de supero, quom huc accesserit, from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so, ex supero, Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248.
      2. 2. In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions): superā de parte, i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855: superas evadere ad auras, Verg. A. 6, 128: superum ad lumen ire, id. ib. 6, 680: aurae, Ov. M. 5, 641: orae, Verg. A. 2, 91: limen, id. ib. 6, 680.
    2. B. Substt.
      1. 1. Sŭpĕri, ōrum, m.
          1. (α) They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6: multum fleti ad superos, i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481: (Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos, the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.: ut oblitos superum paterere dolores, Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poët. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252: epistula ad superos scripta, i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.
          2. (β) (Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities: quae Superi Manesque dabant, Verg. A. 10, 34: aspiciunt Superi mortalia, Ov. M. 13, 70: o Superi! id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729; pro Superi, id. Tr. 1, 2, 59: terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum, Verg. A. 1, 4: illa propago Contemptrix Superum, Ov. M. 1, 161: exemplo Superorum, id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so, Superorum, id. P. 1, 1, 43: postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis, Verg. A. 3, 2: scilicet is Superis labor est, id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16: superis deorum Gratus et imis, id. ib. 1, 10, 19: flectere Superos, Verg. A. 7, 312: te per Superos … oro, id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.
      2. 2. sŭpĕra, ōrum, n.
          1. (α) The heavenly bodies: Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.: cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus, id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motūs superūm atque inferūm, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).
          2. (β) Higher places (sc. loca): supera semper petunt, tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42: (Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens, the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
  2. II. Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ĭus.
    1. A. Lit., of place, higher, upper: inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant, Caes. B. G. 7, 46: dejectus quī potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus? Cic. Caecin. 18, 50: in superiore qui habito cenaculo, Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3: tota domus superior vacat, the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10: superior accumbere, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42: de loco superiore dicere, i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102: agere, i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14; and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos, id. Fam. 3, 8, 2: sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur, id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so, ex loco superiore, id. ib. 3, 4: loca, id. ib. 1, 10, 4; 3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere, id. B. C. 3, 98: qui in superiore acie constiterant, id. B. G. 1, 24: ex superiore et ex inferiore scripturā docendum, i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.: posteriori superius non jungitur, id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.
    2. B. Trop.
      1. 1. Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding: superiores solis defectiones, Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25: quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, id. Cat. 1, 1, 1: refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant, Caes. B. G. 7, 58: superioribus aestivis, Hirt. B. G. 8, 46: superioribus temporibus, Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1: tempus (opp. posterius), id. Dom. 37, 99: tempora (opp. inferiora), Suet. Claud. 41: annus, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47: anno superiore, id. Har. Resp. 8, 15: superioris anni acta, Suet. Caes. 23: in superiore vitā, Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, Caes. B. G. 2, 20: testimonium conveniens superiori facto, Hirt. B. G. 8, 53: superius facinus novo scelere vincere, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116: superioris more crudelitatis uti, Nep. Thras. 3, 1: superius genus, mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146: nuptiae, former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15: vir, first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.
        1. b. Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former: omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis, Caes. B. C. 2, 5: aetate superiores, Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1: superior Africanus, the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121: Dionysius, id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.: quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur, Cic. Or. 34, 120.
      2. 2. Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior: Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat, Caes. B. G. 7, 65: numero superiores, Hirt. B. G. 8, 12: hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum, id. ib. 8, 19: se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum, Cic. Caecin. 1, 2: semper discessit superior, Nep. Hann. 1, 2: si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset, Sall. C. 39, 4: ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint, Caes. B. G. 5, 15: multo superiores bello esse, Nep. Alcib. 4, 7: superiorem Appium in causā fecit, Liv. 5, 7, 1.
      3. 3. Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
          1. (α) With abl. respect.: pecuniis superiores, Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59: loco, fortunā, famā superiores, id. Lael. 25, 94: habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem, id. Fam. 2, 18, 2: ordine, id. ib. 13, 5, 2: facilitate et humanitate superior, id. Off. 1, 26, 90: si superior ceteris rebus esses, id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.
          2. (β) Absol.: ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitiā, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere, Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71: ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius, id. Off. 1, 26, 90: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus … sed etiam superioribus invidetur, id. de Or. 2, 52, 209: premendoque superiorem sese extollebat, Liv. 22, 12, 12: cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit, Vell. 2, 101, 1.
  3. III. Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
    1. A. ‡ sŭperrĭ-mus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Müll.; Charis. p. 130 P.
    2. B. sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
      1. 1. Lit. (only poet.; cf. summus, C. 1.): montesque sŭpremos Silvifragis vexat flabris, the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so, montes, Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68: rupes, Sen. Oedip. 95: arx, Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.: supremae Tethyos unda, Mart. Spect. 3, 6.
      2. 2. Trop.
        1. a. Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
          1. (α) In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.
            Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis; sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo, Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Müll.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212: quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119: supremo te sole domi manebo, at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3: jubare exorto jam nocte supremā, Col. poët. 10, 294: in te suprema salus, last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. —suprēmum, adverb., for the last time: quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum, Ov. M. 12, 526.
          2. (β) In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying: supremo vitae die, Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75: dies, id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13: hora, Tib. 1, 1, 59: tempus, Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151: incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto, i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22: mors, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173: finis, id. ib. 2, 1, 12: iter, id. C. 2, 17, 11: lumen, Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so, ore, id. Tr. 3, 3, 87: haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat, Verg. A. 8, 583: Nero in supremā irā duos calices crystallinos fregit, in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29; supremis suis annis, in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58: suprema ejus cura, id. 7, 45, 46, § 150: spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate, Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61: funera, Ov. M. 3, 137: oscula, id. ib. 6, 278: tori, i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668: ignis, id. Am. 1, 15, 41: ignes, id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583: officia, Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so, tabulae, Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1: tituli, i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.
            So of cities, etc.: Troiae sorte supremā, Verg. A. 5, 190: dies regnis, Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.: animam sepulcro Condimus, et magnā supremum voce ciemus, for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526: anima exitura supremo, Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.
            Substt.
      1. 1. sŭ-prēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare): ventum ad supremum est, Verg. A. 12, 803.
      2. 2. suprēma, ōrum, n.
          1. (α) The last moments, the close of life, death: ut me in supremis consolatus est! Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.: statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae, the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93: circa suprema Neronis, the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.
          2. (β) The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral: supremis divi Augusti, Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45: suprema ferre (sc. munera), Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.
          3. (γ) A last will, testament: nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti, Tac. A. 1, 8: miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc., Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.
          4. (δ) The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med.
        1. b. Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme: multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum … ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima, Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.: macies, Verg. A. 3, 590: Juppiter supreme, Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poët. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115: med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis, most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.
    3. C. summus, a, um [from sup-ĭmus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
      1. 1. Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.): summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre, the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Müll. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.): summum jugum montis, Caes. B. G. 1, 21: summus mons, the top of, id. ib. 1, 22: feriunt summos fulmina montes, the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poët. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48: locus castrorum, Caes. B. G. 2, 23: in summā sacrā viā, on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119: in summā columnā conlocare, id. Div. 1, 24, 48: quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum, id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119: Janus summus ab imo, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54: ad aquam summam appropinquare, Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10: in aquā summā natare, the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33: apud summum puteum, id. Mil. 4, 4, 16: per summa volare aequora, Verg. A. 5, 819: summa cacumina linquunt, id. ib. 6, 678: mari summo, id. ib. 1, 110: prospexi Italiam summā ab undā, id. ib. 6, 357: summaque per galeam delibans oscula, id. ib. 12, 434: amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro, Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83: summam cutem novaculā decerpito, Col. 12, 56, 1.
        Of position, place, at table: summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc., I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.
        Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table: standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas, Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so, a summo dare (bibere), Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.
        1. b. summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.: ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur, Caes. B. G. 6, 26: qui demersi sunt in aquā … si non longe absunt a summo, Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48: leviter a summo inflexum bacillum, id. Div. 1, 17, 30: igitur discubuere . . . in summo Antonius, Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch: puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo, Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25: nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc., Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.
          In mal. part.: summa petere, Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.
      2. 2. Transf., of the voice: jubeo te salvere voce summā, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.: citaret Io Bacche! modo summā Voce, modo, etc., at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7: vox (opp. ima), Quint. 11, 3, 15: summā voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare, Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.: summo haec clamore, Plaut. Merc. prol. 59.
        Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest: exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras, Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2: bis, terve summum, id. Fam. 2, 1, 1: triduo aut summum quatriduo, id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.
      3. 2. Trop.
        1. a. Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.): haec est praestituta summa argento dies, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so, venit summa dies, Verg. A. 2, 324: ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc., Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31: cum esset summā senectute, id. Phil. 8, 10, 31: in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi, Luc. 2, 211: summo carmine, at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13: eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur, the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio; quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus, at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.
          Adverb.: summum, for the last time: nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque, Albin. 1, 137.
        2. b. Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summā nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summā industriā, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.): summi puerorum amores, Cic. Lael. 10, 33: spes civium, id. ib. 3, 11: fides, constantia justitiaque, id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summāque inopiā, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72: qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt, id. ib. 6, 20: non agam summo jure tecum, id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4: tres fratres summo loco nati, id. Fam. 2, 18, 2: qui summo magistratui praeerat, Caes. B. G. 1, 16: concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51: quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit, id. Inv. 1, 18, 26: turpitudo, id. Lael. 17, 61: summum in cruciatum se venire, Caes. B. G. 1, 31: scelus, Sall. C. 12, 5: hiems, the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2: cum aestas summa esse coeperat, id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80: ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus, id. Rep. 1, 34, 51: summi ex Graeciā sapientissimique homines, id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.: summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti, id. de Or. 1, 2, 6: optimi et summi viri diligentia, id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore’st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29: summus Juppiter, id. Cist. 2, 1, 40: ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum, id. Am. 1, 2, 6: miles summi inperatoris, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68: amicus summus, the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.: nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus, id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.
          Poet. in neutr. plur.: summa ducum Atrides, the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86: summo rei publicae tempore, at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46: in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore, id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.: summa salus rei publicae, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so, res publica, id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2: ad summam rem publicam, Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.: quo res summa loco, Panthu? the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme: non agam summo jure tecum, deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā juris interpretatione; ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium, id. Off. 1, 10, 33.
          Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely: quod me sollicitare summe solet, Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295: cupere aliquid, id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15: contendere, Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2: diffidere, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2: admirari, Quint. 10, 1, 70: summe jucundum, Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2: officiosi, id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63: summe disertus vir, Quint. 12, 1, 23: summe munitus locus, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31: summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57: mei summe observantissimus, Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

† symbŏla (sumb-), ae, f., = συμβολή, a contribution of money to a feast, a share of a reckoning, one’s scot, shot, = collecta (ante- and post-class.).

  1. I. Lit.: sumbolarum collatores, Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; id. Stich. 3, 1, 28: sumbolam dare, id. ib. 3, 1, 34; so Ter. And. 1, 1, 61: aliquot adulescentuli coimus in Piraeeo In hunc diem, ut de sumbolis essemus, id. Eun. 3, 4, 2; cf. id. ib. 3, 5, 59.
  2. II. Transf., of blows: sine meo sumptu paratae jam sunt scapulis sumbolae, Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 22; and of entertaining topics of conversation, Gell. 6, 13, 12.